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界面新闻编辑 | 黄月
卑尔根悠久历史，是挪威第二大城市，每一年的卑尔根国际艺术节（Bergen International Festival，挪威语称作Festspillene i Bergen）在5月底至6月初举办，为期十五天。
今年5月22日-6月5日，第72届卑尔根国际艺术节如期举行。在开幕式致辞中，挪威首相约纳斯·加尔·斯特勒（Jonas Gahr Støre）如此介绍卑尔根：“这是一座面朝大海、背靠群山的城市，是挪威的海滨首都。环绕着长长的码头和港口，迎接着通常从海上远道而来的人、货物、新思想和新印象。”
艺术节创办于1953年。挪威在1905年重获独立，在1940-1945年经历nacuideguozhanling，erzhanhou，nuoweijixuhuifuhezhongjian。beiergenshijuedingtongguojubanyishujieweinuoweiyishujiatigongzhanshipingtai。yishujiezuichuzhiguanzhugudianlehexiju，houlaimanmannangkuolejueshile、geju、balei、dangdaiwudao、dangdaiyishudengduozhongyishuxingshi。
如今，卑尔根国际艺术节是北欧地区历史最悠久、影响力最大的艺术节之一。2023年，共计7.7万观众参与了当年艺术节的各项活动。今年，有74%的艺术节观众为卑尔根本地市民，17%来自挪威其他地区，9%来自海外。
城市之声中的历史回响：从培尔·金特到“修法者”马格努斯
beiergenshi“nuoweiyinlezhifu”aidehua·gelige（edvard grieg）deguxiang。geligeyishengzhiliyuchuangzuofuyounuoweiminzutesedeyinlezuopin，daibiaozuobaokuoweiyibusheng（henrik ibsen）dexiju《peier·jinte》（peer gynt）suoxiedeliangbuguanxianlezuqu。
benjieyishujiekaimushiyou《peier·jintezuqu》zhongdeliangshoumingqu《zaiduofulishanwangdedating》（in the hall of the dovre mountain king）he《suoerweigezhige》（solveig's song）lakaixumu。
150nianqian，juzuojiayibushengzhixingelige，weituoduifangjizijidezuixinzuopin《peier·jinte》chuangzuopeile。1867nian，yibushengchuangzuolezheiyiwumushitiju，jiangshulangdangzipeier·jintedemaoxiangushi。tatashangleyiduanqihuandequanqiuzhilv，zuizhongzaiyuzijizisihebufuzerenxingweidehouguodouzhengzhongxunqiujiushu，zhongshiziwo。gushilingganqucaizinuoweitonghuagushi《peier·jinte》，yibushengzaijuzhongrongruletazijidejiatinghetongnianhuiyi，cengchengrenyifumuweiyuanxingchuangzaolepeier·jintedefumu。nuoweizuojiakaer·aowei·kenaosigao（karl ove knausgård）renwei，peier·jinteshi“yizhongjiejing”，zheshechuyibushengbenren，“danbushitayanzhongdeziji，ershitatongguotarendeyanjing，congwaimiankandaodeziji。”
zaiweiyubeiergenjinjiaotuoluoerhagendeaidehua·geligebowuguan——zheilishigeligedegujuhemudisuozaidi——bowuguangongzuorenyuangaosulejiemianwenhuajizhe，zuichu，geligebingbuyuanyijieshouweituo，renwei《peier·jinte》shitakanguodezuiquefayinlexingdejuben，danyouyutadangshishoutouzhengzaichuangzuodelingyigexiangmunanyituijin，zaijingjiyalixiahaishijieshouleyibushengdeweituo。geligecijuyanzhongmaofanlelingyigexiangmudeweituozhe，jizuojia、shiren、juzuojiabiangsiteng·biangsong（bjørnstjerne bjørnson），houzheyu1903nianchengweishishangshouweihuodenuobeierwenxuejiangdenuoweizuojia。errenyinciduanjiaoduonian，zhidaogelige60suishengridangtian，biangsongzailingchenwudianqiaoxiangletadejiamen，songshangyizunzijidebanshenxiang，caizhongxiujiuhao，zheizunbanshenxiangzhijinrenganfangzaigeligegujudeqijushili。
dandulaikan，geligedeyinleheyibushengdewenziyichengweibiaozhixingzuopin；gongtonglaikan，tamengouchengleliangweinuoweiwenhuajujiangdelianhejiezuo。ranererrendewenziheyinlequehenshaofangzaitongyigewutaishangyanchu。zaibenjieyishujieshouyande《peier·jinte》dezuidaliangdianzhengzaiyuci：gaijuyangezunzhaoyibushengyuanzhu，yishititaicizubenyanyijuqingdetongshi，youbeiergenailejiaoxiangletuan（geligecengyu1880-1882niandanrengailetuandeyishuzongjian）yanzoupeile，fuyihechangtuanyanchang。
bianjuhaizaigushizhongrouruledangdaixing，yanyuanmenshenzhexiandaifushishangtai，peier·jintedebeifeimaoxianbeigaiweilemeiguozhilv，zaizhepeier·jintepiaoyangguohaibingzaidiwumudejuqinggaochaochuzhejidebushifanchuan，ershifeiji。dangdaihuadegaibianfangdaleyuanzuoqihuanyuxianshi、langmanshuqingyushehuifengcibingzhideqitegan。
《peier·jinte》shiyibushengzuichangbeibanshangxijuwutaidezuopinzhiyi，tayebeirenweifanyinglenuoweirendeguominxintai。biangsongjiucengchengzan《peier·jinte》shi“duinuoweideziwozhuyi、xiaaiheziwomanzudejuemiaofengci”。peier·jintedeyuanxing、huiguihezuizhongdeziwofaxiansihuyirannengzaiyixiedangdainuoweirendejinglizhongzhaodaoduiying，bingzaizheigehenrongyimishiziwodejubianshidaiyinqigengguangfandegongming。kenaosigaozainuoweinanbuzhangda，tazaisanwenji《zaichuntian》zhongfansizijiduishenghuozaianyibeiouxiaochengdekanfa：
“zaizheiyangdedifangzhangda，nikenengzuikaishibingmeiyoushenmebaofuhezhixiang，dandengnidaoleshijisuituranyoulelixiang，neitabiandaibiaoleshijieshangsuoyoudecuowujihe，chenglenixiangyaobaituodeyiqie，yinweitashirucidemiaoxiao，rucidexiaai。nianqingdeshihounixinlibaiganjiaoji，kewangzhenengjieshuzheilideshenghuo，likaixiaodifang，quwangzhenshidedashijie。zaineili，niguanzhudequanshixiehongdashijian，xinzhongmanhuaizhekaifangdexinshilinian……houlaiwolaole，youyoulehaizi，turanfaxianzijiyouhuidaolewochengzhangdehuanjingzhong……woxihuanzheilidexiao，xihuanzheilideyongji，xihuanzuozaihuayuanli，yuanlishijiesuoyoudezhongxinhehexindiqu。”
sitelezaikaimushizhicizhonghaitidaolebeiergende“huangjinshidai”。zai13shiji，tacengshiyongyou7000duomingjumindebeioudiquzuidachengshi，yijinuoweideshoudou。shouxiangyaoqingguanzhongyitongxiangxiangyixia1250nian，nianqingdemagenusiwangzishangxuedeqingjing，“wangzikenengbushiduziyiren，dantadeshangxuelutuyidingzhanshilegezhongshengyin、yuyan、chuanzhi、qiwei、yushi、furenheqiongrendeduoyangxing。zheixieyuqiongren、bingrenhebianyuanrenqundejiechushenshenyingxiangleweilaideguowang，bingjifaletaqiangliedegaishantamenshenghuotiaojiandechengnuo。”rihouzheiweiwangziyiwaijichenglewangwei，chengweinuoweishishangzuiweidadeguowangzhiyi，shichengmagenusiliushi·hakangsong（king magnus vi håkonsson）。tazuixianzhudechengjiushiyu1274nianbanbule《guotufa》，tongyilenuoweidefalvzhidu，youcijianlileouzhouzuizaodequanguoxingfalvtixizhiyi。
jinnianqiafeng《guotufa》banbu750zhounian，zaibeiergen——magenusiliushitongzhiquanguo、xiuzhuanbanbu《guotufa》desuozaidi——zheiyizhongyaodenuoweilishishijianbeirongruleyishujiexushi。
lishiyizhishibeiergenchengshishenghuodeyoujizuchengbufen。weilemagenusiliushizai1261nianjubanhunlijianshedexinyanhuitingyiranyilizhijin，hakangting（håkonshallen）yeshiyishujiedeyanchuchangguanzhiyi。geligegujupangdeyinletingshunzheshanpodixingxiangxiayanzhan，wutaihoufangdeluodibolichuangzhengduihaianbiangeligedegongzuoshi。jushuozheiweixijingdezuoqujiajiushizaizheigegongzuoshidelishigangqinshangchuangzuochuzhuduochuanshimingzuode。dangxiaotiqinjiasascha maiskyhegangqinjialily maiskyzaizheizuoyinletingliyanzougeligede《disanxiaotiqinzoumingqu，zuopin45hao》shi，yuzuoqujiakuayueshikongxianghuidegandongcongxindiyouranersheng。
艺术中的政治性：地图、拼布地毯与未完成的纪念碑
1953nianqi，beiergenshilimeishuguan（bergen kunsthall）yumeinianxiatianjuban“yishujiezhuzhanlan”（festival exhibition）。meinian，beiergenshilimeishuguanguanzhangyuyishujiezhuzhanlancezhanrenyiqitiaoxuanyiweinuoweiyishujia，weiqijubangezhan。
今年的艺术节主展览参展艺术家是托瑞尔·约翰内森（Toril Johannessen）。她是一位从事版画、信息图和装置艺术创作的多媒体艺术家，其作品的核心主题是对知识结构和框架的探索——从民间智慧到科学方法，她研究具有不同传统和条件的知识领域，发掘它们之间的多样关系。
yuehanneisenzaijieshoujiemianwenhuacaifangshibiaoshi，zaoniancongshisheyingdegongzuojinglishenkeyingxiangletadeyishulinian，“sheyinglingyuzhongyouhenduoguanyukeguanxinghezhuguanxingdezhenglun，birudangsheyingshijilujianwenshi，tanengruhejieruhegaibianhuanjing？womenruhetongguotuxiangchuangzaoxianshi？zheiyeshiwotoushenyishudeyuanyin，yinweiyishushitantaozheixiewentidefukuang。suiranrujinwodeyishuchuangzuoyijingyuanlisheying，dansheyingrengranzaililuncengmianyingxiangzhewo。”
xinwensheyingdegongzuojinglitebieyingxiangleyuehanneisendeyishuchuangzuo，tazaihenduozuopinzhongzhanxianleyizhongleisijizhehuojilupiandaoyandegongzuofangshi。zheizhongkuaxuekedechuangzuofangshizuixianzhutixianzaitaduishijuehuachulixinxidetansuo，zheihenrongyirangwomenlianxiangdaodangxiameitide“shujukeshihua”chaoliu。danyuehanneisenrenwei，tadechuangzuobingbushidanchunde“xinxitu”，tacaiyongzheizhongxingshilaizhiyixinxidequanweixing，jieshixinxidebuquedingxing。“zhongsuozhouzhi，shujunenggouyibutongdefangshishijuehua，jinguanshiyongdeshujuxiangtong，butongdeshijuehuafangshinenggoujiangshujieranbutongdegushi。woganxingqudeshizheige。”
bencizhanlanjiyujinnianlaiyuehanneisenduijunshicunzaihegaobeidiqu（high north）diyuanzhengzhijushidexingqu。yuehanneisengaosujiemianwenhua，tasuiranyizhirenweisuoyoudeyishuzuopinzaibenzhishangdoushi“zhengzhixingde”，danzaibencizhanlanzhongzhanchudezuopinzhong，tadequeshidiyicizhijietantaodangxiadezhengzhiyiti。jinnianlai，anquanjushizainuoweinaizhizhenggebeioudiqufashenglexianzhubianhua。kenaosigaozaisanwenji《zaiqiutian》zhongxiedao，2015nianzuoyoueluosishengjijunbei、zengjiabianjiehuodongdexingwei，yinfaleruidianguoneiduiguofangzhichusuojiandezhenglun。yuehanneisenzezaiyixiangbeipozhongzhidegonggongyishuxiangmuzhongzhijieganshoudaole2022nianewuchongtubaofadaozhidediyuanzhengzhichongtu。
biyueerneierwazhanfuying（bjørnelva prison camp）weiyunuoweibeilanjun（nordland），shierzhanqijianyoudejunshelideqiangzhilaodongxitongdeyibufen，yituijingaobeidiquzhanlvexingdaxingjichusheshidejianshe。jinzai1943-1945nianjian，beilanjunjiushelile57gelaodongying，yueyou2.6wanmingzhanfuzaileisinulidetiaojianxiagongzuo，chaoguo2000renyinnvedai、yingyangbulianghepilaoersiwang。zaizhenggenuowei，yueyou10wanmingzhanfu（zhuyaolaiziqiansulian）beiqiujin，qizhongyue1.37wanrenzaiyingzhongsiwang。erzhanjieshuhou，biyueerneierwadexingcunzheweimianhuaiwangguzhe，zailikaiqianzifashulileyigejinianbei，danzailengzhanqijian，zheiduanlishibeinuoweishehuikeyiyiwang。1980niandaimo，nuoweiyueluosikaishiweibaohuzheiyilishiyichanjinxinghezuo。2020nian，yuehanneisenyujianzhushitatjana gorbachewskajashouyaocanyuqizhongyixianggonggongyishuxiangmu。ewuchongtubaofahou，gaixiangmunanyiweiji。yuehanneisenzaicicizhanlanzhongyizhuangzhiyishudexingshijiangshulezheixiangweiwanchengxiangmudeyuanwei。duitaeryan，gaixiangmudeyiwaizhongzhijinyibutuxianlejiyiheyiwangdezhengzhixing。
同样在2020年，约翰内森接受挪威公共艺术机构KORO的委托，为埃韦内斯空军基地（Evenes Air Station）的公共空间创作数个丝网印刷系列版画，这些作品也是本次展览的主要内容。对约翰内森来说，创作始于她在日常生活中的一个“顿悟时刻”：约翰内森的家乡位于挪威北部的一个小镇，小镇附近有一座山，山顶有一座海岸雷达基站，当地人一直称它为“北约山”（NATO-fjellet）。约翰内森突然意识到，没有人知道那座山本来的名字，而且山顶的雷达基站也与北约毫无关系，人们用这个联想命名了一座不知名的小山。
通过采访和查阅资料，她发现这个现象在挪威很多地方都存在——充满军事联想的名称成为诸多地点的非正式地名，有的指向人们对二战残存的记忆，有的则指向世界上其他地方的战争与冲突，甚至有一个地点被当地人称为“朝鲜”。在《与军事活动相关的口语地名》（Colloquial Place Names Linked to Military Activity）xiliebanhuazhong，yuehanneisenzaiditushangbiaozhuchuletashoujidaodefeizhengshidiming，“zheigexianxiangfanyingleyizhongpingmindefangfa、pingmindeguancha，tamenganzhidaolejunshicunzailiuxiadehenji。”
1970年代以来，挪威外交政策术语中频繁出现“nordområdene”即“高北地区”这一术语。高北地区通常被认为是指北极圈以北、欧洲一侧的地理限定区域，但作为一个由外交话语建构的概念，高北地区所指涉的地理区域亦随着地缘政治环境的变化而变化。在《定位高北地区》（Locating the High North）xiliebanhuazhong，yuehanneisenyongyixiliebeijidiqudehuanxingdituzhanshile1970nian-2020nian“gaobeidiqu”suozhidediliquyubianhua。
这些涉及地图的作品促使约翰内森思考军事存在——无论在物理意义上还是语言意义上——如何与日常生活构成张力。“我们通常不会在日常生活中见到军队，特别是在和平时期，我们无需思考、反思它的存在。我感兴趣的是，军队如何既给我们带来安全感，又带来某种焦虑，而且每个人会因为与军事存在关系的远近而对它产生不同的观感。”这一思考构成了她为本次展览创作的最新作品《威慑与安抚》（Deterrence and Reassurance）dehexin，zheigequzinuoweiwaijiaozhengcegainiankuangjiademingchengyeshibencizhanlandezhubiaoti。
《weisheyuanfu》shiyixiliepinbuditan——tamenpumanlediyizhantingjudadezhangfangxingkongjian，chuangzaochuyizhongjinhuyujiadesimifenwei。yuehanneisenhualeyinianshijianyutuanduiyiqiyongjiujunfuhejunyongfangzhipin（biruzhangpengheshuidai）bianzhizheixieditan。guanzhongbeiyaoqingtuoxiezoujinzhanting、zuozaiditanshangguanchaqixijie、biaoqian、junhui、niukouhuoqitachushiyongtudeyiliuwu。zheixieditancaiyongbeiouguojiachangjiandebianzhijishu，jitongguofangzhipindehuishouhezailiyonglaibianzhiditan。yuzhiqianneixiebaohanledaliangxinxidebanhuazuopinxiangbi，zheijianzuopindebutongzhichuzaiyutadiaodongguanzhongdechuganyulianxiang，yiyizhonggengyinhuiweimiaodefangshijifasikao。
“shishenmechuangzaoleanquangan，weishenmebaolibeizhanxianweiquebaoanquangandeweiyishouduan？weishenmerenleizongshixianruchongtu？zheisuiranhenhuangmiu，danzheijiushirujindexianshi。duiwoeryan，hepingyizhidoushilixiang。”tashuo。
展望未来：文化人才发展壮大，艺术滋养当地社区
2000nian，beiergenbeioumengpingxuanwei“ouzhouwenhuazhidou”（european capital of culture），zheigouchenglezheizuochengshideyigezhongyaozhuanzhedian。yuehanneisenhuiyidao，beiergenshicongneishiqijiadalefuchiwenhuafazhandelidu，xuduociqianliushideyishujiajianjianhuiliu，tayeshineiduanshiqilaidaobeiergende——tajinrubeiergenguoliyishuyushejixueyuan（bergen academy of art and design）xuexi，biyehouzaizheiligongzuoshenghuozhijin。
tagaosujiemianwenhua，zheisuiranshizuoxiaocheng，danweiyishujiatigonglezhiyefazhansuoxudeyiqie“jichusheshi”：jiaoyuzhiliangshangchengdeyishuyuanxiao、beiergenshilimeishuguandengyiliudeyishujigou、chuangzuohezhanshiyishudegongzuofanghehualang、huoyueyoushandeyishujiashequn。duitalaishuo，beiergendeyigeewaiyoudianshitajiejinziran。pashan、zaisenlinzhongcaimogurangtadeyibaituoshejiaomeitidexinxihongzha，huodepiankeanning。
shushinianlai，geligexueyuan（grieg academy）peiyangledaliangyinlerencai，tamenzaibeiergenguojiyishujiezhanlutoujiao，chengzhangweibeiergennaizhinuoweiyinlejiedezhongjianliliang。
男高音演员Stian Økland在卑尔根出生长大，如今既是一位歌剧演员，也是一位摇滚乐队主唱、吉他手兼作曲。Økland告诉界面文化，近年来歌剧界为吸引年轻观众做了很多努力，比如卑尔根国家歌剧院与当地学校合作开展公教活动，邀请学生来格里格音乐厅参观歌剧排练，Økland和他的同事会向孩子们介绍歌剧的相关知识。
zuoweiyinianyidudewenhuashengshi，nijinengzaizuowuxuxidegeligeyinletingzhengjinweizuo，xinshangwangyujiadegangqinduzou，yenengzaijietouyuyishubuqieryu。lianxudisannian，beiergenguojiyishujiejiangweiyushizhongxindeshijiguangchang（torgallmenningen）gaizaochengjieriguangchang。wudao、hechang、leduiyanchu、hudongyishuzhuangzhidengxiangmumianfeiduisuoyourenkaifang。zai11tiandeshijianli，gongyou27changmianfeiyanchuzaizheilishangyan。2023nian，jieriguangchangxiyinle2.5wanguanzhong。
艺术节还为探讨新理念、形成新共识提供了契机。2014年卑尔根国际艺术节期间，路人被邀请走进一个谈话间，分享自己的生活故事。这些收集到的叙述构成了话剧《曾经有一个人类》（Once upon a Human Being）的基础。2024年，这个已经发展为卑尔根公民剧院（Bergen Borgerscene）的话剧制作项目已进入了第十年，制作了十部剧目。在今年艺术节期间，路人再次被邀请走进谈话间进行非正式聊天。“我们必须创造新的梦想，新的价值观，新的思维方式。我们需要告诉彼此我们是一个更大整体的一部分，这是一件好事，”艺术总监Vibeke Flesland Havre表示。
zhilijutuanla re-sentidayiqibiaoyanyishuzhongdeqiangliezhengzhixingzhucheng，tamenzaiyishujieqijianshoucilaidaonuowei，dailaileyibuyouqingchunqinanhaiweizhujiaodexijuzuopin。zaihuaju《wenroudekenengxing》（the possibility of tenderness）zhong，yiqunnanhaifenxianglezijiduinanxingqigaiyijichengweinanrendeyiyidekanfa。zheibuzuopinshixiezuochuangzuodechengguo，jutuanyaoqing13-17suideqingshaoniancanjiagongzuofang，fenxiangguandian。“zaiquanqiushehuidebeijingxia，nanrenyiranfadongzhanzhengbingfuzexitongxingbaoli，”chuangzuozheibuzuopindela re-sentidaxiedao，“shijianwenrouyincijuyougemingxingdeliliang。tanengyinlingqitaxingshide、yuanliyemanhecanbaodenanxingqigaichuxian。”
beiergenjihumeiyouwufengderizi，renheshenghuozaihaibianderendoumingbai，kansifengpinglangjingdehaimianxiayeyunzangzhefengbaoyuweixian。fengbaozhengzaiyunniang，zhongzhongquanqiuxingdetiaozhanyezaiyingxiangzhebeiergenren：diyuanzhengzhichongtudejiaju、jingjizengzhangdebuquedingxing、qihouweiji、rengongzhinengzhengzaixianqidebiange、wenhuaduoyangxingyushehuigongpingmianlindetiaozhan……danbeiergenrenyexiangxinduihuadeliliang，xiangxinnengyiyishuweizhou，shiguoshehuifenqidefenglang，zheizhengshibeiergenguojiyishujiechuanglizhichudeyuanjing。yishujieyizouguole72geniantou，tayaoqingcanyuqizhongderenmenfenxiangxindejingli、xindejianjie。
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