jiemianxinwenjianxijizhe tianheqi

zhongguoxituchanyeyinglaileshoucizhuanmendelifaguifan。

6yue29ri，guowuyuanzhengshifabu《xituguanlitiaoli》（xiacheng《tiaoli》），zi2024nian10yue1riqishixing。

《tiaoli》gong32tiao，mingqueguojiaduixituchanyefazhanshixingtongyiguihua，gulihezhichixituchanyexinjishu、xingongyi、xinchanpin、xincailiao、xinzhuangbeideyanfaheyingyong。guidingxitushengchanqiyeyingdangzunshouyouguankuangchanziyuan、jienenghuanbao、qingjieshengchan、anquanshengchanhexiaofangdefalvfagui，baozhangshixianlvsefazhan、anquanshengchan。

《tiaoli》qiangdiaoyaojiaqiangxituziyuanbaohu。mingquexituziyuanshuyuguojiasuoyou，renhezuzhihegerenbudeqinzhanhuozhepohuaixituziyuan，guojiaduixituziyuanshixingbaohuxingkaicai。

7yue1ri，xituyongcigainianguzaopandazhang，jiezhishoupan，beijiaosuojiulingkeji（873305.bj）zhangchao20%，dagangkonggu（300103.sz）、zhongkeciye（301141.sz）20cmzhangting，huahongkeji（002645.sz）、chuangxingziyuan（600193.sh）10cmzhangting。ciwai，dadixiong（688077.sh）、sanchuanzhihui（300066.sz）zhangchao9%、yinheciti（300127.sz）zhangchao5%，jinliyongci（300748.sz）、zhongguoxitu（000831.sz）denggenzhang。

sifabu、gongyehexinxihuabuyouguanfuzerenbiaoshi，yi《tiaoli》shixingweiqiji，yichanyekejichuangxinweiyinling，zhichiqiyekaizhanxinjishu、xingongyi、xinchanpin、xincailiao、xinzhuangbeideyanfahechanyehua，jiakuaichanyegaoduanhua、zhinenghua、lvsehuagaizaoshengji，tishengxituchanyefazhanzhiliangshuiping。

zhongxinjiantouyanbaozebiaoshi，《xituguanlitiaoli》fabu，shouciyixingzhenglifaxingshiguifanxituziyuandekaifaliyong，yixingzhenglifadegaodutichuyangekongzhigongjizhutiheshuliang，jianlizongliangdiaokongzhidu，shenhuaxitugongjicekechixufazhangeju，fazhihuagouzhushangxiayougongyingchanyeshengtai，tongchoushangyouzhanlveziyuananquan，zhichengxuqiucezhanlvexinxingchanye，tongshizhichigulixituerciziyuanzongheliyong。

稀土管理面临诸多问题

“womenxianzaixitumeimaichu‘xi’dejiage，maichule‘tu’dejiage。” 2021nian3yue1ri，gongxinbubuzhangxiaoyaqingjiu《xituguanlitiaoli（zhengqiuyijiangao）》huidameititiwenshicengbiaoshi。

xitubeiyuwei“gongyedeweishengsu”，juyouyouyideci、guang、dianxingneng，beiguangfanyingyongdaoleyejin、junshi、shiyouhuagong、bolitaoci、nongyehexincailiaodenglingyu。youqizaijungong、dianzi、qichedenglingyu，juyoubuketidaidezuoyong。

anyuansujianwulihuaxuexingzhihediqiuhuaxuexingzhidechayihefenligongyideyaoqiu，xitukefenweiqing、zhong、zhongxitu。qingxituzhuyaobaohanlan、shi、pu、nvdengyuansu；zhongzhongxituzebaohante、didengyuansu。

zhongguoxitumaichu“tu”jiage，jiuqiyuanyinshiduofangmiande。

xitushengchanqiyecunzaihuanbaoshengchanwenti。zaozai2012nianfabude《zhongguodexituzhuangkuangyuzhengce》baipishuzhongjiucengmingquebiaoshi，zhongguodexituxingyejinglilekuaisufazhan，dantongshiyebansuizheziyuanguodukaifaheshengtaihuanjingpohuaidewenti。ruqingxitukuangbanshengdefangshexingyuansuduihuanjingyingxianghenda。

ciwai，youyushichanggongxushiheng、xingyeguanlibuguifandengyuanyin，xituchanpindejiagechuxianleyanzhongdebeilijiazhixianxiang，yingxianglexingyedejiankangfazhan。

baipishujieshaocheng，zhongguoyi23％dexituziyuanchengdanleshijie90％yishangdeshichanggongying，manzuleshijiegeguotebieshifadaguojiagaojishuchanyefazhandexuqiu。raner，jingguobangeduoshijidechaoqiangdukaicai，zhongguoxituziyuanbaoyouchuliangjibaozhangnianxianbuduanxiajiang，zhuyaokuangquziyuanjiasushuaijian，yuanyoukuangshanziyuandaduokujie。

zhongguobingfeixituchanyeqiangguo，xitugaoduancailiaoheyingyongjishuyuriben、meiguodengfadaguojiacunzaijiaodachaju。“dishuiping、zhongfudefazhanfeichangduo，ergaoshuipingdexituchanpinqueshihaibijiaoshao，zheiyangbuliyujishuchuangxinhekejijinbu。”xiaoyaqingzaishangshuguoxinbanfabuhuishangshuo。

zaixituxiaofeijiazhizuigaodecixingcailiaolingyu，zhongguojishushuipingjinnianlaigaosufazhan, shenqingdezhuanlishuliangkuaisuzengzhang, jinciyuribenjuquanqiudi2wei，danrengyuriben、meiguocunzaijiaodachaju，daliangchukouzhongdiduanchanpin，gaojiajinkougaoduanchanpin。ruzhongguoshixituyongcitiquanqiuzuidadeshengchanguo，2019nianchukoujunjiajinwei46.59 usd/kg，jinkoujunjiaquegaoda84.89 usd/kg。

youyuxituziyuandezhenguixinghegaolirun，“heixitu”zaizhongguoyizhicunzai。

heixitushizhizaizhongguoweihuodezhengfukaicaipizhunerweifacaihuodexituchanpin。yifangmian，youyunanfangxitukuangdefenbuguangfan、maizangqian、yiyukaicai，jianguanbenshenjiushifenkunnan。

lingyifangmian，falvfaguidequeshishidedajiheixituxianruzhifakunjing。liru，zhongguodekuangchanziyuanfazhuyaoduikaicaihuanjiejinxingguizhi，danduimaimaihuanjiedefalvguizhibuzu，zheiweiheixitudejiaoyitigonglekechengzhiji。

全球稀土矿生产格局正在发生变化

zhongguoxituzaichuliang、kuangchanliang、xiaofeiliangfangmianzhangqiyilaijunjushijieshouwei。

genjumeiguodizhidiaochaju(usgs)gongbushujuxianshi，2022nianquanqiuxituziyuanzongchuliangyue1.3yidun，zhuyaofenbuzaizhongguo、yuenan、baxiheeluosi。qizhong，zhongguochuliangwei4400wandun，zhanbiyue33.77%；2022 nianquanqiuxitukuang（reo）chanliangyuewei30wandun，qizhong，zhongguoyuewei21wandun，zhongguoxituchanliangzhanbiyuewei 69.98%。

lingjuzhongguodizhikexueyuanquanqiukuangchanziyuanzhanlveyanjiuzhongxingaojigongchengshisongkeyude《xituziyuanzhongzhangqigongxugeju》baogao，benshijiyilaizhongguoxituxiaofeiliangzhangqizhanjuquanqiuxiaofeiliangdiyideweizhi，2022 nianxiaofeiliangzhandaoquanqiude75%，jiao2000nianzengzhanglejin10bei。

raner“zhongguoxituziyuanyoushizhujianjianruo。”zhongguodizhikexueyuankuangchanziyuanyanjiusuozhuliyanjiuyuanzhengguodongdengrenzai2021nian3yuefabiaoyu《diqiuxuebao》qikande《shijiexituchanyegejubianhuayuzhongguoxituchanyemianlindewenti》wenzhangzhongzhichu。

zhengguodongdengrenbiaoshi，genjuzhongguoqingxitukuanghenanfanglizixifuxingxitukuangqingzhongxitupeifenjinxinggusuan，zaizhongguo4400wandunxituchuliangzhong，qingxituchuliangchaoguo 4100wandun, zhongzhongxituchuliangbuzu300wandun。

2009 nianyilai, shijiefanweichuxianlexitutankuangrechao, gelinglan、baxi、jianada、yuenan、miandian、laowo、nuowei yijifeizhouguojialuxufaxiandaliangxituziyuan，qizhongmiandian、yuenan、gelinglanyongyoufengfudezhongzhongxituziyuan。suizheguoneixituziyuandekaicaiheqitaguojiaxinxituziyuandefaxian，shijiexituziyuanchulianggejuyijingfashenggaibian，woguoxituziyuanyoushiyizhujianjianruo。

zaizhengguodongdengrenkanlai，quanqiuxitukuangshengchangejuzhengzaifashengbianhua。

meiguo、miandianheaodaliyashizhongguoyiwaixituchanliangzuidade3geguojia, chanliangfenbiewei2.6wandun、2.2wandun、2.1wandun，3 guohejizhanquanqiuchanliangde32.4%。zi2010nianyilai，meiguo、aodaliyadengguoluxuhuifulexitukuangshandeshengchan，bingqiechanliangzhunianzenggao。

jubuwanquantongji, guowai37geguojiade261jiagongsikaifalegongji429gexituxiangmu, xinqidong 8-10 wandunxitukuangshanchanneng。

ciwai，zhengguodongdengrenhaitichu，zhongguobuzaishiquanqiuxituyelianfenlichanpinweiyigongyinglaiyuan。

wenzhangtiji，zaixituyelianjiagongxiangmufangmian, genjuantaikedeshuju, 2019 nianquanqiuxituyelianfenlichanpinchanlianghejiyue17.6wandun, tongbizengzhang21%。qizhong，zhongguochanliangyue15.5wandun, zhanquanqiude88.2%。

qizhong，aodaliyalainasigongsishizhongguoyiwaizuidadexituyelianfenlichanpingongyingshang, qimount weld kuangshanshengchandexitukuangtongguoweiyumalaixiyaguandandelampgongchangjinxingyelianfenli, chanliangwenbutisheng, 2019nianchanliangyue1.87wandun, zhanquanqiude10.6%。

ciwai，aodaliyalainasigongsiyumeiguolanxiangongsijihuahezizaimeiguojianlixitufenlishengchanxian，youlainasimeiniantigong1200 dunyuanliao，qizhonghanyouzhongxitu；meiguomp materialsgongsijihuazhongqimeiguoxiantingchande4wandunxitufenlixian；aodaliyapeak resources limited jihuazaiyingguodisigu(tees valley)jianshexitufenlichang，jiatansangniyanguallaxiangmushengchandexitukuang。

meiguo、aodaliyadengxifangguojiayizhizainulijianshebubaohanzhongguoqiyecanyudexituziyuangongyinglian, suizheshangshuxituyelianfenlixiangmuxiangmudeshishi, quanqiuxituziyuanyelianfenlidexianyougejuhuojiangbeidapo。

中国稀土产业亟需法治化保障

duonianlai，zhongguonuliduixitushishibaohuxingkaicai，cujinziyuandekechixuliyong。

1980niandai，zhongguobanbu《kuangchanziyuanfa》，duiguojiaguihuakuangqu、duiguominjingjijuyouzhongyaojiazhidekuangquheguojiashixingbaohuxingkaicaidetedingkuangzhong，shixingyoujihuadekaicai。1991nian，zhongguojuedingjianglizixingxitukuangchanlieweiguojiashixingbaohuxingkaicaidekuangzhong，congkaicai、xuanye、jiagongdaoshichangxiaoshou、chukoudenggegehuanjieshixingyoujihuadetongyiguanli。

2006nian，zhongguoshishixitukaicaizongliangkongzhiguanli。2011nian，zhongguotongyidiaozhenglexitukuangyuankuangziyuanshuishuiebiaozhun。zhongguohaijianlixituzhanlvechubeizhidu。yangekongzhikaicai、shengchanzongliang，jiangdiziyuankaifaqiangdu，yanhuanziyuanshuaijie，cujinkechixufazhan。

2021年1月，工信部公布了《稀土管理条例（征求意见稿）》，并向社会公开征求意见。同年6月，国务院印发2021年度立法工作计划，其中拟制定、修订的行政法规包括《稀土管理条例》等。

“《tiaoli》zhidingchutaishizhongguoxituchanyefazhihuajianshedezhongdatupo，yeshizhongguoxituchanyeguifanyouxufazhandezhongyaozhidubaozhang。”zhongguoyousejinshugongyexiehuidangweishuji、huizhanggehonglinzaijinrifabiaozaigongxinbuguanwangdejieduwenzhangzhongzhichu。

zaigehonglinkanlai，《tiaoli》gulizhichixituzongheliyongchanyeheguiyouxufazhan，jiangyouxiaosuojianxingyeduibukezaishengkuangchanziyuandexuqiu，yanzhangzhongguokuangchanziyuankaicaishiyongnianxian。zhan。

jiemianxinwenzhuyidao，benci《tiaoli》zaixituquanchanyelianjianguantixifangmianyetichuleduoxiangjucuo。ru：mingquexitukaicai、yelianfenliguanliyaoqiu。guowuyuangongyehexinxihuazhuguanbumenhuitongyouguanbumenquedingxitukaicaiqiyehexituyelianfenliqiye。qitazuzhihegerenbudecongshixitukaicaihexituyelianfenli。

tongshi，《tiaoli》tichu，jianlichanpinzhuisuzhidu，xitukaicai、yelianfenli、jinshuyelian、zongheliyonghexituchanpinchukoudeqiyeyingdangrushijiluxituchanpinliuxiangxinxibingluruxituchanpinzhuisuxinxixitong；yangeliutongguanli，renhezuzhihegerenbudeshougou、jiagong、xiaoshou、chukoufeifakaicaihuozhefeifayelianfenlidexituchanpindeng。

zhongxinjiantouyanbaocheng，《tiaoli》luodilihaoshangyouxitukaicai、yelianfenliqiye，lihaoxiayouxituyingyongruxituyongciqiye，lihaoyierciziyuanweiyuanliaodezongheliyongqiye。ciwai，duiyuwu、mu、ti、xi、zhe、jia、yindengxiyouzhanlvejinshugongjicehexuqiucejuyouzhongyaozhiyinyiyi，tongyanglihaoqitaxiyouzhanlvejinshu，youhuachanyegeju。