界面新闻记者 | 林子人

界面新闻编辑 | 黄月

jiangshuwaimaiqishoushenghuodedianying《nixingrensheng》yubenyue9rishangying。12ri，yizhangqishouduibaoanxiaguidezhaopianchuanbianlehangzhouqishouqun，qiyinshimouwaimaipingtainanxingqishouzaisongcanguochengzhongbushenjiangyuanqulangancaiwai，beibaoanlanxiahou，tayindanxinyanwuqitadingdanerxiagui。zhidezhuyideshi，baoanyuqishouzhijianbaofade“luquan”chongtuyizaidianyingzhongyousuozhanxian。waimaiqishoukeyishuoshiwomenshenghuozhongzuishuxidemoshengren，dangtamenchengweigushizhujiao，xianshiyuxugoudehuwenganyichangqianglie。

《nixingrensheng》henxiangshi《waimaiqishou，kunzaixitongli》deyingxianghuabanben。2020nian9yue，《renwu》zazhikanfalezheipianshendubaodao，jieshilewaimaipingtaitongguosuanfajiqishoushedingzhongzhongyankedaobujinrenqingdegongzuoguiding，yinfalequanshehuiduiqishoulaodongdeqianglieguanzhu。cong2020nianzhijin，“caiyuanjiangxin”“35suimenjian”delaodongjiufenpinpinbaochu，“tuoxiazhangshan”beirenweishirenshengchulu……jingjixingshiyujiuyehuanjingdebianhuarangrenmenzaitanqiwaimaiqishoushiduolejifenjiankuxingbei。《nixingrensheng》xianranzhuazhulezhengtishehuixintaidezheizhongweimiaobianhua，xuanquleyigezuirongyitiaodongdazhongqingxudexushijiaodu：zhongchanshiyeyichaofanpin，zhongnianrenqiuzhibuyi，budebuqusongwaimai。

dianyingtongguozheiwei“nixingrensheng”dexinjinwaimaiqishoudeshijiao，yinchuqishouqunxiang，jiangshuqishouquntidegongzuoyushenghuo。dianyingduiwaimaiqishoushengcunxianzhuangdemiaomoshitiejinxianshide，ranertayiranmianlin“weixianshizhuyi”dezhize，shenzhizaidianyingzhengshigongyingzhiqian，shejiaowangluoshangjiuyichuxianzhenduigaipiandepiping：“yibangqiongrenhuaqian，kanfurenyanziji。”jiezhimuqian，《nixingrensheng》dedoubanpingfenwei6.8。

hendachengdushanglaishuo，《nixingrensheng》dekoubeizhengyizheshechuyoujizhuyizaidangxiayixianrukunjing：yuelaiyueduorenkaishizhiyi“qinfennulijiunenggaibianmingyun”deyoujizhuyixintiao，danduijingjibupingdengjiajudepubianfanduiyijianbingweifoudingyoujizhuyibenshen——huozheshuopipingzhebenshenconggenbenshangjiuyongbaoyoujizhuyi——zheirang《nixingrensheng》yijizhanzaidaodezhigaodianshangduizheibudianyingdezhizedouxiandeyouxiexuruowuli。

01 困在优绩主义系统里的人

《nixingrensheng》denanzhujiaogaozhilei（xuzheng shi），tongjibiyegaocaisheng，moukejidachangkaifaxiaozudefuzeren，yufumuheqinvtongzhuzaishanghaidapingcenggongyu。qizi（xinzhilei shi）quanzhizaijia，nverhuopolingli。ruguobushigaozhileiyinguodujiabanzaochengdepitaitaiguomingxian，zheishiyifujiatingmeimandezhongchanshenghuohuamian。juqinghenkuaijizhuanzhixia：jiuzaigaozhileijiaolvyuyulingyigekaifaxiaozuriyijiliedejingzhengshi，taturanbei“youhua”le。jinjiezheguanzhongdezhi，yinweizhiqianjiatingtouzidep2pbaolei，gaozhileideshiyeranghaifangdainanyiweiji。gaofuturannaogengzhuyuan，yexuyaoyidabikangfufeiyong，ernverruduguojixuexiaodefeiyongyekeburonghuan。gengzaogaodeshi，jishigaozhileiyoufengfudechengxukaifajingyan，yinweiyijing45suile，tazaiqiuzhilushanglvlvpengbi。zoutouwuluxia，tachengweileyimingwaimaiqishou。

借高志垒的新手之眼，电影直观展现了外卖骑手的组织规则、工作方式和生存境遇。显然，主创团队调研过外卖骑手的工作，诸多剧情细节都可在青年学者孙萍关于中国外卖骑手的民族志研究《过渡劳动：平台经济下的外卖骑手》中找到印证。

weilehuodeqishougongzuo，gaozhileilaidaoyigeqishouzhandian，tashiwaimaipingtaidezuiqianshao。sunpingzhichu，zaiguoqushinianjian，waimaipingtaidezuzhihuabuduanzengqiang，tongguoyulaowugongsidehezuo，xingcheng“zhongjie-chengshi-pianqu-shangquan-zhandian”deduocengzuzhichuandaojizhi。tafaxian，weilebaozhangfuwupinzhi，pingtaifeichangkanzhongmeigepeisongzhandianderenshu，yidanzhandianrenjunsongdanliangchaoguoyidingedu，bianhuiyaoqiuzhandianlijizhaomuqishou，zaidongjiquerendeshihou，zhongjiegongsihezhanzhangshenzhihuijiqishouchu“jieshaofei”huo“rentoufei”，guli“laren”。zaidianyingzhong，nianqingqishouyangdashan（wujiakai shi）zhuyidaogaozhileiduiqishougongzuodexingqu，zhudongyaoqingduifang，gaozhileiyezhengshizaiyigedongtiankaishiletadeqishougongzuo。

gaozhileihenkuailejiedaowaimaiqishoudedengjitixi：qingtong、baiyin、huangjin、zuanshi，yijimeiyuepaodanliangzuigaode“danwang”。zaixianshidewaimaipingtaizhong，leisidedengjitixiyepubiancunzai，butongdengjiqishouyongyoubutongde“tequan”，dengjiyuegao，xiangyoudetequanjiuyueduo。dianyingzhongzhangqizhanju“danwang”diweidedahei（fengbing shi）shizhandianliqitaqishouxianmuhedujideduixiang，erchongtuyebuchusuoliaodibaofa——qitaqishourenwei，daheipaodandesudutaikuai，poshiqitarenyebixujiasu“neijuan”。zheiyichongtudebeihou，shiqishouyupingtaisuanfadeshuangxianghudongshiran。sunpingzhichu，pingtaitongguosuanfaxitongjiankongguanliqishoudelaodong，erqishouzetongguozijidejietoulaodong，buduanbangzhusuanfashengji，birurangsuanfayucechugengjingquedesongcanyujidaodashijian。

nenggouzailaodongguochengzhongbuduanfanxiangganzhisuanfa、yuguanlixitongdouzhidouyongderenjiunengshunlidipanpaqishoudengjijieti，zuizhongchengwei“danwang”。suizhejuqingtuijin，womenzhidaoledaheidechenggongmijuebujinzaiyutadeqicheshuipinggaochao，erqietayouyibenjileileduonianpaodanjingyandemiji，jilulepianquneicongshangjiadaokehudegezhongjiejing。weilejieshengpaodanshijian，waimaiqishouwangwangshizhanhunshenjieshu，shenzhibuxizuochuchuanghongdeng、nixing、shanghuanludengweiguixingwei；yucitongshi，tamenhaiyaoshishiyingduixitongpailaidedingdan，yizuijieyueshijiandefangshiguihuachusongdandexianhoushunxu。sunpingchengzhiweiwaimaiyouxizhongde“duoxianlaodong”。zaizheigeguochengzhong，waimaiqishouyewangwanghuiyudaogezhongsuanfaxitongnanyiyuguhuozhudongzhizaodetiaozhan：biruchengshidekongjianzhilijitamendeliudongzaochengdezhangai——gaozhileiqumougaojishangchangqudan，menweiyi“nizhiyaochuanshangzheicengpinizhinengzouhoumian”weiyoujujuetayouzhengmenjinru，bujinrangwomenlianxiangdao；xiaofeizhedaoxiangdeyishixingtaizhudaozhepingtaijingji，zheichangchangbiaoxianweipingtai“piantan”guke（wulungukedeyaoqiuduomebukeliyu），qishouxuyao“biaoyanfucong”，jishizaimianduiyanyuxiurushiyexuyaoquanfuzijibaochikezhi。

zaipianzhong，gaozhileiyulaokou（wangxiao shi）congkehuguanxizhuanbianweizhanyouguanxi，tayecongzuichuduiwaimaiqishougongzuodemoshizhujianzhuanxianggongqing。zheiyichu“zhongchanbianxingji”beihoudexianshijichu，shiguoneiwaimaiqishouquntidekejianxingzaibuduanzengjia。shujuxianshi，guoneiwaimaiqishoushuliangshijiyitupo1000wanren，zheiyishuzizaiyiqinghourengzaijixuzengjia。2023nian，waimaiqishouyi“wangyuepeisongyuan”dechengweibeinaruguojiazhiyefenlei。genjusunpingdiaoyanxiaozuzaibeijingdiqusuozuodediaochawenjuan，qishouduolaizinongcundiqu，danyuzaoniandenongmingongquntiyousuobutongdeshi，jiaruqishouduiwudelaodongzheyou“zhuankuaiqian”deqiangliedongji，fuzhairenshuzhanbeidiaochaqishouzongrenshude62.94%。zaibeifuzhaiwudeqishouquntizhong，jinbanshu（48.16%）qishouyinmaifang/maicheerfuzhai，youxieyinyangyuxiaohai/shanyanglaoren（37.4%）hechuangyeshibai（36.61%）erfuzhai。

zhengshiweilebaituofuzhaikunjing，gaozhileituoxiaxinzhongde“zhangshan”，zuanyanwaimaizhidao，chaoyueru1.5wandemubiaonuli。danggaozhileizhongyuchengwei“danwang”，zaibiaozhangdahuishangshuochu“womendajiadoushihennulide，womendouzugounulile，suoyiwomenzhidebeizunzhong，womenyezhidegenghaodeshenghuo”shi，dianyinglaidaolejuqinggaochao，wanchengleduiyinmuqianguanzhonggongtongjingyandeqingganzhaohuan。zheigeweicengmingyandegongtongjingyanjiushi，wulunshizhongchanhaishidiceng，doubeikunzaiyoujizhuyixitongli。

genjuyeludaxuefaxueyuanjiaoshoudannier·makeweici（daniel markovits）dedingyi，youjizhuyishizheiyangdeyizhonglinian：“yigerendeshehuihejingjiyoushibuyingyuqichushenyouguan，eryingyuqinengli、nulihechengjiguagou。yaozaizheisangefangmiantuoyingerchu，zexuyaoyigerenzaichixubuduandijingzhengzhongzhengmingziji，yikaishishizaixuexiao，erhoushizaizhichang。”makeweicirenwei，youjizhuyisuiranzuichushiyigezhizaituidongshehuigongpingdelinian，danrujintazaochengdeshijihouguoyiyuqiyuanjingbeidaoerchi：tashouxianjiangjiaoyubianchengleyichangweilejiarujingyingjiecengerjinxingdecanku、jiliedejingzheng；qicitagaibianlezhichang，jiangbaochoufenghoudeyouzhigongzuojizhongzaizhangwogaojijinengdeshaoshulaodongzheshouzhong，lingshehuizhongdeqitarenshiqujiyu。

gaozhileishiyeqiankansifengxianjigaoderenshengxuanze，hendachengdushanglaishuoshitayangezunxunyoujizhuyidejieguo。dangchongpeirenlizibendehuibaoyuelaiyueduo，qieshehuijingyingdeshenfenxuyaoyikaojinenghelaodongcainengqueli，jiatingchengweilejingjishengchan——peiyangxiayidairenliziben——dejidi。zhengshiyinweiruci，gaozhileiyuanyihuadajiaqiansongnverquduguojixuexiao，qizixiaoniyuanyiquanzhizaijiazhaogunverdeyishiqiju。“yiweijieshouguojingyingjiaoyudenvxingweileyangyuhaizierlikaizhichangshibeishehuijienade，”makeweicixiedao，“nvxingkansi‘xiangfujiaozi’dexuanzeshizaituidonghaizidejingyingjicheng，xingchengjiazuyoushidedaijichuandi，tashijishangshizaizuncongerfeifangqijingyingshengchandeneizailuoji。”ranergaozhileidiguleyoujizhuyidailaidefengxian——jubeichaogaojinengdeyuangongfuzesheji、bianchengheguanlizidonghuadeshengchanliucheng，daliangdejishuchuangxinxiaochuleyidapiyuanbenzhudaoshengchandezhongdengjinengdezhongchanjiecengdegongzuo，jishuchuangxindesuduyuekuai，jiuyouyueduodezhongdengjinenggangweijijikewei。zheihaijinjinzhishizhongchanzhongnianshiyedeqizhongyigeyuanyin。

makeweicirenwei，“youjizhuyidejibenluojishiqiangdiaoyoushi，erjianglieshishizuogerenjinenghuonulichengdubugoudequexian。”yincizaiyoujizhuyishehuizhong，renrenchongshangqinfen，bishixiansan。“womendouzugounulile”deqingganhaozhaoliyezhengzaiyuci。shishishang，zaiwomenzheigeshidai，qinfennulidezhiyelunlikongpabianbenjialidijiazhushehuiruoshiquntishenshang。sunpingzaitianyediaochazhongfaxian，“chenggongxue”dehuayubujincunzaiyuzhongchanrenqunzhizhong，yepubiancunzaiyulinggonglaodongrenqunzhizhong。guanyunulihechenggongdehuayupinfanchuxianzaiqishoudepengyouquanhuowangluoqianmingzhong。henduoqishourentong，yaoxianghuodechenggong，bixunenggoujianchirifuyiridelaodong。zaitakanlai，chenggongxuehuayushentoujinqishouquntidexinzhi，bujinshishehuifenweishiran，yebangzhutamenhefahualinggonglaodongdexuanze，huiyinghefanjizhenduiwaimaiqishoudeshehuiwuming。

02 阶层之间相互理解、形成共识已成奢望？

《nixingrensheng》dejieweiyoushuangzhonglijie：pingtaifaxiangaozhileixiede“lulutong”xiaochengxuyoushangyejiazhi，yuheweishiyandegaoguantongyirangtalaigongsizuochengxuyanfa。peihegaozhileizaibiaozhangdahuishangdeyanjiang（“womendouzugounulile”）hepianweidezhijingyu（“jinyicipianxianjimeiyiweinulishenghuoderen”），womenhenrongyijiangzhilijieweiyigehaojieju——yigeyouzhishiyouwenhuadeqiandachangchengxuyuan，jishishisongwaimaiyenengjinzifaguangtuoyingerchu，zhiyaotazugounuli。

danzheigejieweiqishiyeanshizhe，pingtaishoubianlewaimaiqishoudejietouzhihui，youlezhuduowaimaiqishouduonianjileidejingyanyijichengxuyuandebianchengjishu，gengjiajingjindesuanfanengjinyibutigaoxiaolv，erzheiyejiangyiweizheyongroushenchengzaixiaolvzhilingdewaimaiqishoujiangbeipogengpinmingdiyushijiansaipao。

suiran《nixingrensheng》beixuanchuanweiyibuxianshizhuyidianying，dantaguibile“kunzaixitongli”dehexinwenti：nulinanyidedaohuibaodebenzhiyuanyinshishenme？genjumakeweicideguandian，wentideguanjianzaiyuyoujizhuyishehuizhong“laodonglishichangdeliangjifenhua”he“pianxiangjinengdejishubiange”，jidaliangxinjishuconggenbenshanggaibianlerenmendegongzuofangshi，shideteshujinengdeshengchanliyuangaoyuzhongdijinengdeshengchanli。zaixuduobumenhechanyezhong，zheiyiqushidouzaichaoyouliyushangcenglaodongzhe、buliyuzhongxiacenglaodongzhedefangxiangfazhan。yushi，laodonglishichangriyibeiqufenweidaliangde“lan”gongzuoheshaoliangde“hao”gongzuo，qianzhezhixushaoliangpeixun，caozuojiandanqiebaochoudilian；houzhezexuyaojingxinpeiyang，gongzuoneirongfuzaqiebaochougaoang。

suowei“lan”gongzuo，wangwangjubeidandiao、qiangkongzhixinghedibaochoudetezheng。sunpingzaifangtanzhongfaxian，waimaiqishouhuiyong“womenzheiyangderen”、“buhaohaoshangxue”zheiyangdehualaixingrongziji，“zaiduigongzuoshijiandemiaoshuzhong，tamenchuandileyinzijichuyushehuidicengerbudebuxuanzezheiyangdegongzuodezibeihewunai。”makeweicizhichu，

“guzhuyuelaiyueduodiduizhongdengjinengyuangongjinxingweiguanguanli，zheizhongguanlishirucichedi，yizhiyutamenshijishanggoumaidebushizheixieyuangongdelaodongchanchu，ershitamendejinenghefuchu。yinci，jinguanjingyingzhichangtuichongdulixinghezizhuxing，danshizaifeijingyingdegongzuochangsuo，laodongzhejihulunweiguanlizheshiyongdegongju。”

tongyangzhidezhuyideshi，dianyingkeyijimeigezuichuyinguofennulierxiandegegeburushenzhiyouxiemianmukezengdeqishouanpaileyigejueduilitadeliyou：daheizhengzuo“danwang”，shiweilebangyinweizijizhuandanerzaoyuchehuoshiquyitiaotuidenianqingrenhaizhai；laokoubujiaoshebao，zaoyuchehuoshangdaoletuitoutoucongyiyuanpaochulai，wanximeinengcongzhaoshisijineiliyaodaogengduoqian，shiyinweijialihaiyouyigedengdaibaixuebingshoushudenver。yidundajiu，qishoumenbingshiqianxian，xingchenglemouzhonggongtongtiqingyi。qishoumende“weilishitu”beijijudaodezhengdangxingdeliyouhelihuale，youpingtaiyonggongqiyuelinghuohuachulizaochengdeqishouquntifenlie，yijisuanfabuduansuoduanpeisongshijianzaochengdeexingjingzheng，yeyincibeixiaojie。

银幕外，针对《逆行人生》的“伪现实主义”批评同样因没有触及对优绩主义本身的批评而错失要害。有一种观点认为，影片想要讲述“中产下坠”的故事，但对中产和底层都缺乏具有实感的理解，比如，“当影片想当然地把这种中产痛苦与真正的底层绝望混为一谈时，它从某种程度也就丧失了它所期望的内在能量，反而显出一种何不食肉糜的轻佻来。”

在优绩主义已经成为现代社会基本常识的情况下，人们难以批评努力本身——996的白领和自我驱动不断延长工作时间的零工劳动者都是努力工作的人——只能用努力的道德正当性去分辨谁的痛苦是痛苦（个人温饱、重病的家人），谁的痛苦是矫情（上海大平层公寓的房贷、子女的精英教育）。这种批评所忽视的重点在于，使得社会优势群体和社会弱势群体陷入各自困境的，其实是同一种结构性力量。如马科维茨所说，

“优绩主义，包含上层劳动者所具备的超高技能和勤勉努力，越来越明显地无益于任何人。它使曾经占据经济生活中心的劳工阶层和中产阶层成了无法满足经济需求的人……与此同时，优绩主义让精英阶层成为了混合了异化劳动的自身人力资本的食利者，精英阶层的子女也被置于残酷无情的、工具性的精英教育所带来的痛苦之中。优绩主义下的不平等让整个社会分化为了无用的人和被耗尽的人。”

需要指出的是，“中产”在中国是一个高度争议性的概念。与马科维茨在《精英陷阱》中论述的美国社会不同，中国社会未曾形成“全民中产”的物质基础和社会心态。从收入水平来看，新兴城市中产阶层仍属于中国人口中的少数，这让中产几乎成为精英的同义词。于是，“中产”几乎成为了一个用来承接各种社会不满的靶子。

进而出现了另一种观点——事实上在《逆行人生》正式公映之前，这种观点就已出现：“一帮穷人花钱，看富人演自己。”近年来“消费苦难”叙事的流行，折射出一种突出的社会情绪，即一部分人认为阶层更高的人去讲述阶层更低的人的故事，就是在掠夺后者的话语权，这是一种不同阶层之间“你获得了什么，我就失去了什么”的零和博弈心态造成的深刻不信任感。我们需要看到，优绩主义所带来的压力层层叠叠，造成的经济不平等日益严峻，由此滋生了不同阶层之间的敌意、误解、摩擦、冲突，让人们难以想象一个跨越阶层的社会愿景。

2021年，同样由徐峥主演、故事背景设置在上海的《爱情神话》上映，彼时许多观众的批评集中在国产影视剧盛行“中产文化”，造成底层失语的状况。三年后，徐峥将视线从有房有闲的“梧桐区”土著转向穿行在上海大街小巷的外卖骑手，又被质疑无法跳出中产焦虑的舒适区，真正共情底层。中产与底层的影视代表性争论反映了社会情绪的微妙变化，我们不禁要问，阶层之间相互理解，形成共识是否已成奢望？

参考资料：

孙萍：《过渡劳动：平台经济下的外卖骑手》，华东师范大学出版社，2024

丹尼尔·马科维茨：《精英陷阱：美国的优绩神话如何助长不平等、瓦解中产和吞噬精英？》，白瑞霞译，中信出版集团，2024

《底层，一味治疗中产心灵空虚的常备药》，正面连接