wen | jiazhixingqiuplanet zhuming

bianji | jiran

yiyuankaisheleshuxuexuexikunnanmenzhen。zheixiashuxuebuhaodehaizi，zhongyukeyilizhiqizhuangdishuobingbushizijibunulile。

zuijin，shanghaiertongyixuezhongxinxinliweishengtuanduishelidekongjianyushuxuexuexikunnanmenzhenkaizhen，zhuyaomianxiangzai“shulihua”dengxuekeshanggandaokunnandexuesheng。

kaifangyuyuehou，gaimenzhenquanbuyueman，youjiazhangdaizhehaizizhuanchengcongwaidiganqujiuzhen，erqieguahaofeibingbubianyi：

316元。

gaimenzhendezhuzhiyishengtanyan，yuanbenshexiangjiushigeputongmenzhen，meixiangdaozheimehuobao。

医院的空间与数学学习困难门诊已全部约满

qishi，fangyanguonei，yiyuanshelixuexikunnanmenzhenzhenbushixinxianshierle。

ciqian，beijingertongyiyuan、fudandaxuefushuerkeyiyuan、wuhanertongyiyuandengduosuoyiyuan，doushelile“xuexikunnan”menzhen。haiyouyiyuanshelilezhuyiquexianduodongmenzhen、choudongzhangaimenzhen，yijiyuyanfayuchihuanmenzhendengduogefenzhi。

10yue8ri，wuhanertongyiyuankangfuyixuekeqiantoufuzhuren、“xuexikunnan”zhuanbingmenzhenfuzerenzhuhongmingaosumeiti，qunian7yuedao9yue，qiqiantouchenglidemenzhenmeigeyuepingjunjiuzhenliangchaoguo2500ren，quanniandebinglishuzai18000rendao20000renzhijian。

yiqianhaizichengjibuhao，jiazhangmendouqubaofudaoban。xianzaijiaopeixingyeshuailuo，jiazhangdoupaoquyiyuanle。

duici，jiazhangquntizhongchuxianliangjifenhuadetaishi：zhichizherenwei，buguanxuexikunnanshibushibing，zhiyaoyiyuannenggoutishengzijiahaizidechengji，huazaiduoqianyeyuanyi。

fanduizherenwei，xuexichengjichashihaizibugouyonggonghuozhexuexiaobujili，quyiyuanzhiliaohaobiquchi“congmingyao”，tuotuodezhishangshui。yiyuantuichuxuexikunnanmenzhen，wufeishiliyongjiazhangjiaolvlailaojin。

shishishang，haizixuexikunnandeyuanyinshiduofangmian，jiyouxiantianbinglixingdeyinsu，yeyouhoutianxuexiaohuanjing、gerennulichengdu、jiatingfenweidengduofangmiandeyinsu，bunengyigaierlun。

zaibizhekanlai，xuexikunnanmenzhendaoxiangshiyimian“jingzi”，zheshechuzhongguojiazhangzaihaizijiaoyushangdequntixingjiaolvzaijiazhong。

01 认真聊一聊，学习困难症

xuexikunnanshijishangshiyigetongcheng，shejixueshengzaibutongfangmiandezhangaihuochizhi，baokuoyuedu、xiezuo、tuili、jisuandengdeng。guoneiyixiangdiaochaxianshi，youxuexikunnandeertongyuezhanxuelingqiertongde13~17%，zheigebilibingbudi。

nayuedukunnandehaizilaishuo，tamenxueguodezibuhuidu、jibuzhu，dukewenshihuijieba，haihuilouzihetiaoxing，jibiannengrenziyewufalijieneirong，zaiyuedulijieshangcunzaijidakunnan。

diyigebeifaxianhuanyouyueduzhangaideertong，shiyigeyingguonanhaipercy。1896nian《yingguoyixuezazhi》jizaipercyshigecongmingdenanhai，yanjingyeshizhengchangde，danzhidao14suiyiranzhinengchilidipinchudanyinjieci，huijiangzijidemingzipinxiecheng“precy”，jiang“song”xiecheng“scone”，houlaiyishengzhenduantanaobucunzaixiantianxingsunshang，daozhi“cimang”。

percydegushihoulaibeijiluzaidaliangziliaozhong，ertongyueduzhangaizhengzicijinrudazhongshiye。

jinnianyangshibaodaoguoyigesinianjidehaiziqiqi，xueqianchudeshihouxiezixianghuahua，dangshijiazhangmeiyoutaizaiyi。raner，daoxiaoxuewentijiubiandeyanzhongqilai。qiqixuexihanyupinyin、hanzidouhenkunnan，yixing24gezizhinengrenchu8gezi，erqiexieziyehenkunnan，jiandandelianzizuoye，qiqidiyitianjiujiaolebaijuan。

zaiqiqiyanli，hanzibingbushiputongdefangkuaizi，ershixiangyifutu。ruguowenzidexingzhuanggenyisijiejin，biru“da”、“jing”deng，taxiangduinengjizhu。ruguohaowuxiangguan，tajiujibuzhu。

haiyouxieyuedukunnanzhengdeertong，kandaodewenzishimohuhezhongyingde，youcichanshenglejidadeyueduzhangai。tongjishujuxianshi，quanqiuyou 5%-17%derenhuanyoubutongchengdudeyueduzhangai。

youdexueshengwufalijieyuwenlideyuedu，haiyoubufenxueshengkanbudongshuxuelidetimu。

tamenzaishuziweizhidelijieshangyouquexian，zhinengdandukaolvmeigeshuzideshuzhi，erhulveleweizhizhi：birulijiebule13he31shibutongdelianggeshuzi，panduanbuledaxiao，renwei45dayu54。

woguodeliuxingbingxueyanjiuxianshi，shuxuexuexizhangaideliuxinglvyuewei3%～6.5%。anzhaomeigebanji40mingxueshengjisuan，pingjunxialaimeigebanliyou1-3gexueshengyoushuxuexuexizhangai。

huixiangyixia，shibushiganjuecongxiaodaoda，jihumeigebandouhuiyoujige“shuxuebaichi”，wulunlaoshizenmejiaodouxuebuhui，kenengtamendequeyoushuxuexuexizhangai。

xuexikunnandezhuangkuang，huichuxiangegexuelingdehaizishenshang，daozhibufenrenchuxianqingxuwenti，zixinxinshoudaodaji、renjiguanxibujia，shenzhichuxianyiyu、zishahefanzuixingwei。zheiyejizhongduojiazhangdailailejidadejiaolv。

biruqiqidemamadaihaizikanyisheng，danjianchaxialaizhishangmeiwenti，mamajingchangcheyeshimian。

youxuqiujiuyoushichang。bansuizhexueshengxuexikunnanqingkuangdepubianfasheng，xuduoyiyuanfenfenkaishexuexikunnanmenzhen，xuanchengtongguoyiliaoshouduantishengxueshengchengji。zheijixuduojiazhangdailailexiwang，danyedailailejidazhengyi。

dabufenjiazhangzuixiangzhidaodewentijiushi，xuexikunnandaodisuanbusuanbing？nengbunengzhihao？

02 他们真的病了，但不一定能治好

congkexuejiaodukan，xuexikunnanyouhenduoyuanyinyinqi，baokuozishendeshenjingfayuzhangai、qingxuzhangai、xinjingzhangaidengjibing，yebaokuowaibudejiating、xuexiaohuanjingdengyinsu。

zheicizhishuojibingzheiyikuai，mouxiehaizixuexifeichangchili，dequeshiyinweixiantianxingbinglidaozhide。

zaishijieweishengzuzhizhidingde《guojijibingfenlei》（icd-11）hemeiguojingshenbingxuexuehuifabude《jingshenzhangaizhenduanyutongjishouce》（dsm-5）zhong，xuexizhangaibaokuoyueduzhangai、shuxiezhangai、shuzijisuanzhangaiheqitafeiyuyanxuexizhangai，shuxuezhangaiyuyueduzhangaiyiqibeiguiweishenjingfayuzhangai。

zheicishanghaiertongyixuezhongxinxinliweishengtuanduishelixuexikunnanmenzhenhou，kaizhenshourigongyou6weiyuyuehuanerjiatingjiuzhen，nianlingjizhongyuxiaoxuesinianjizhichuzhongernianji，jiazhangmendoutidaozijiahaizi“shuxuechengjibuhao”，danzhiyou2weifuhe“kongjianyushuxuexuexikunnan”dianxinghuanzhe。

suowei“kongjianyushuxuexuexikunnan”，jiushixueshengbiaoxianchumingxiandeshikongjianchengfenzhangai，daozhiquefaxuexishuxuedenengli。

jiandanshuo，yaowanchengduoweishudeshuxuejisuan， wangwangxuyaoshikongjianrenzhinenglijiangjisuanguochengshejideshuzizhengquediduiweihepailie，tongshibaochihelideshuzijianjuyijicongyouzhizuodeyunsuanshunxu。raner，shikongjianrenzhinenglishousunhuirangyouxiehaizinanyizaidaishuzhongjiangshuzizhengquedipailie，zaijihezhongnanyilijietuxingdekongjianguanxi，jieguojiushiwanquanxuebuhuishuxue。

tamendeshikongjianrenzhinenglizhisuoyishousun，zhuyaoshiyinweizhongshushenjingxitongshidiao。shenjingyingxiangxueyanjiufaxian，duishuxuekongjianwentichulicunzaikunnandexuesheng，danaodingyequyudehuodongjiaoshao，erzheiyiquyuyukongjianchulinenglimiqiexiangguan。

chulezhilifayuzhangai，zhuyiquexianduodongzhangai（suchengduodongzheng）yeshidaozhixuexikunnandebingyuan。

zheishiyizhongyizhuyiliwufachijiujizhong、guoduhuoyueheqingxuyichongdongweizhuzhengdeshenjingfayuzhangai，huidaozhixueshengwufazhuanxintinglaoshijiangke，yingxiangtingke、wanchengzuoyedesuduhezhiliang。yanjiubiaoming，duodongzhenghuanzhedezhongshushenjingxitongyouqishieyechengshuyanchi，danaopizhijuexingbuzu。

muqianduodongzhengdequanqiufabinglvjiejin7.2%，tongyangshuyushenjingfayuzhangaijibingdezhilifayuzhangaifabinglvwei1%～2%zuoyou。genjuzhuhongminsuozaiyiyuandediaocha，zhuyiquexianduodongzhangaizhanxuexikunnanhuanzheshuliangde60%zuoyou。zaidaozhixuexikunnandejibingzhong，zhuyiquexianduodongzhangaishizuiduode。

henduojiazhangduiyuxuexikunnanbingqingdeyuanliqishibutaidong，tamenzuiguanxindeshijigelinghunkaowen：

ruguohaizixuexikunnanshiyinweibingle，yinggairuhezhiliao？feiyongguibugui？zhiliaochenggongleshibushichengjijiutishengle？

fudandaxuefushuerkeyiyuan“xuexikunnan”menzhendemouyishengbiaoshi，huanyouduodongzhengdehaizicaiyongyaowuzhiliaodexiaoguobijiaohao，dagai70%dehaizinenggoushouyi。danshi，shenjingfayuzhangaijibingzhongdeqitabinglei，haishixuyaotongguokangfuxunlian，ruguohaizidaolexiaoxuezhonggaonianjizaiquniuzhuanhuibijiaokunnan。zhongdudeshenjingfayuxingzhangai，xiangguduzhengpuxizhangai、jingshenfayuchizhi、zhilizhangaidengdeng，jibenshanghennankangfu。

haiyouyixieyiyuanduiyuzhiliaofeiyonghekangfushijian，bingmeiyouxiangxishuoming。

dangyoujizhewendaoshanghaiertongyixuezhongxin“kongjianyushuxuexuexikunnanmenzhen”dezhuzhiyisheng，zhiliaoguibuguishi，duifanghuida“zheigehaizhenmeisuanguo”。beiwendao“duojiunengzhihao”，tayezhishigangadixiaocheng“wenxianshangkan3~6geyue”。yanwaizhiyishi，lilunshangshizheigeshijian，shijishangjiubuhaoshuole。

tianyanchazhishichanquanxinxixianshi，woguoyiyouduoxiangxuexikunnanxiangguanzhuanlishenqing。ciwai，duojiajiankang、kangfuxiangguangongsijingyingfanweihaibaohanxuexikunnanshudao、xuexikunnanertongjiaoyuzixunfuwu、qingxuzhangaijixuexikunnanertongdekangfuxunlianfuwudeng。

youjiazhangfanying，yixieyiyuandesuoweixuexikunnanmenzhenshijishangxuetoudayuzhenshixiaoguo，zhiliaoguochenggengxiangshizaijinxingxinlifudao。ruguoshishenjingfayuwenti，danpingxinlifudaoruhezhiliao？ruguoshiyongyaowuzhiliao，henduozhongxiaoxueshengyijingjiejinchengnian，fayujiaoweichengshu，yaowuzhiliaoshifoucunzaifuzuoyong？

zheixieyiwenhenduoyiyuandoumeiyoumingquedafu。

zongtishangkan，dabufenjiazhangduixuexikunnanmenzhendezhiyiduoyukending，tamendejiaolvyiranhaizaichixu。

03 看病的是小孩，“得病”的是大人

jiazhangduixueximenzhenyuezhiyi，yuezheshechutamenneixindejiaolv。

suiranguojiayizhizaijixuesheng“jianfu”，danjiazhangduiyuhaizijiaoyubiandegengyanke，shenzhibiandepianjiheniuqu。qianbujiu，anhuihefeijiuyouyiweibaomalingchensidianjihaizifudaozuoye，danhaizizenmeyexuebuhui，jieguobaomaqingxubengkuibuxingnaoganchuxuequshi，niangchengrenjianbeiju。

zhongguojiazhangyiguanyou“buyaoranghaizishuzaiqipaoxianshang”dejipoxinli，zaijiashangyanxiayuelaiyuejuandexingshi，jiazhanggengjiaxiwanghaizinengtongguojiaoyugaibianmingyun，churentoudi。zheicishanghaiertongyixuezhongxin“kongjianyushuxuexuexikunnanmenzhen”deyishengbiaoshi，yourensixialianxijiahao，yidatinghaizicailiangsui，haimeidaoshangxuenianji。

kejian，zhongguojiazhangduihaizijiaoyuyouduoxinji。

haiyouxiejiazhangxiwangtongguoyiyuandezhenduanshu，huanjiezijidejiaolv。yinweihaizichengjibuhao，zijiyonglegezhongbanfadoumeiyouchengxiao，xianzaikeyibayuanyinguijiedaobingyinshang，jiaolvheyalifanerxiaolehenduo。tamenhaipadeshibuquedingxing，erzhenduanshujitamendailailequedingxingdexiwang。

raner，xiwangyuedawangwangshiwangyueda。yiyuandeyiliaofangfabushiwannengyao，jiazhangxuyaobazijidexintaifangpinghe。

bushaojiazhangbiaoshi，zijiyijingkankaile，yiqianyehuijiaolvhaizidechengji，xianzaijuedeshenxinjiankanggengzhongyao。

haiyouyibufenjiazhangrenwei，yiyuanshelixuexikunnanmenzhen，kenengjichengjijiaochadexueshengdailaixinliyali。tamenyixiangdaoxuebuhaojiuyaoquyiyuan，rongyichanshengkongjuxinliheziwohuaiyi。erqiezhangqixialai，tamenyehuiduizhiliaochanshengjiaodayilai，fanerhulvelezaixuexizhongfahuizijidejijixing。

zongzhi，kanbingdeshixiaohai，debingdeshidaren。jinnianlai，suiranguojiaduik12jiaoyujianfu，k12jiaoyuzhujianhuiguipingwenzhuangtai，danyixiebaozhe“hufuwuquanzi”xintaidejiazhangmen，rengjiuzaiweiraohaizidexuexihewenhuajiaoyubutingneijuan。ruguoqueshihaizicunzaixiantianxingdebingkuang，zuihaofangkuanxintai，yexushangtianjitaguanleyishanchuang，dandakailelingyishanmen。biruqiqisuirancunzaiyueduzhangai，danzaiyinleshangyongyoujigaodetianfu。

dangran，yexiwangneixiekaishexuexikunnanmenzhendeyiyuan，zhenzhengzaibangzhujiazhangpaiyoujienan，erbushiliyongjiaolvlailaojin。