记者丨闫桂花

zhanzaixiangsideqipaoxianshang——jihutongshijinruxiandaihua，dayuetongqiduiwaikaifang，douyongyoufengfuderenkouziyuanbingfu，shenzhilianduiwaikaifangshidegdpzongliangdouqiguxiangdang，danzaibudaobangeshijihou，zhongguojingjitideguimoyijingshihouzhedejinwubei（18wanyimeiyuanvs3.7wanyimeiyuan）。

zaiquanqiuhuafengongzhong，liangguoyebanyanlejieranbutongdejiaose：zhongguojueqiweizhizaoyedaguohe“quanqiugongchang”；eryinduzaifuwuyequdelexianzhuchengjiu，youqishizairuanjianfuwuhexinxijishulingyu，chengzhangwei“shijiebangongshi”、quanqiuzuidadexinxichanyewaibaotigongguozhiyi。

shishenmedaozhilezheizhongfenye？butongdezhengzhizhiduhewenhuachuantongshizhongyaoyuanyinzhiyi，birujinniandenuobeierjingjixuejiangdezhuaximogelujiuzai《guojiaweishenmehuishibai》lifenxi，zhongguodezhongyangjiquanzhidugengrongyishixianjingjizhengcedejizhongshishi，lirugongyehuahejichusheshijianshe，eryindudeminzhuzhiduzaiziyuanfenpeihegaigezhixingshanggengjiarongzhang；yeyouxuezhezhixiangwenhuayinsu，renweizhongguo“jiaguoyiti”delinianrangzhengfuyuminzhonghezuotuidonglejingjifazhan，xiangbizhixia，yindudeduoyuanwenhuahezongjiaofenhua，yidingchengdushangxueruolejingjizhengcedetongyixing。

shanggeyueganggangfabiaodeyixiangyanjiulingpixijing，weicizhaodaoleyigexindejieshi——congxiandaihuachushi，jiaoyulujingdebutongxuanze。jinguanciqianxuezhezaojiurenshidaorenlizibenchayiduijingjideshenyuanyingxiang，danbalijingjixueyuandeshijiebupingdengshiyanshidenitin kumar bhartiheli yangguanzhudebuzhishiduanqihedongtaiderenkouhonglidebianhua，ershijujiaoyuliangguocong1900niandao2020nianzhangda120niandejiaoyutixidelishiyanbian，congdiaoyanshuju、jiaoyuwenshuhetongjinianjianzhongjiegouliangguorenlizibenbianhua，jiqiduiliangguojingjidaolufenyedeyingxiang。

zaizheixianglunwenzhong，tamenzongjielezhongyinjiaoyuluxiandesangezhuyaobutongdian。shouxian，zhongguocaiqudeshi“zixiaershang”delujing，youxianpujijichujiaoyu。jiaoyuziyuanzuixianshijizhongzaixiaoxuejiaoyujieduan，daole20shiji60niandaidao80niandai，zhongxinzhuanyidaolezhongdengjiaoyu；congzheizhihoudaoxianzai，gaodengjingyingjiaoyuhuodelegengduoguanzhu。

yinduzezhenghaoxiangfan，gengguanzhugaodengjiaoyuhejingyingjiaoyu，jiaoyupujishi“zishangerxia”deguocheng。yanxulezhimindishiqidechuantong，yindudejiaoyuziyuanzhuyaojizhongzaizhongxuehegaodengjiaoyushang，zhidao1990niancai“houzhihoujue”，kaishidalipujixiaoxuejiaoyu，2009niancaikaishishishiyiwujiaoyu，xiangbizhongguowanlejin25nian。

youcidailaidejieguoshi，zhongguodewenmanglvcongjianguochuqide80%duokuaisuxiajiang，dao1988niandadao22%，ranhoudao2018nianzuoyoujiangdaole5%；eryinduwenmanglvsuiyezaixiajiang，dandaole2018nianshirenggaoda29%，qizhongnvxingwenmanglvyouqigao，dadaole38%。

liangguoduijiaoyu“zhi”yu“liang”dequanhengyecaiqulezhenghaoxiangfandezuofa。zhongguozhidaoruxuelvchaoguo70%yihoucaikaishitigaoshishengbi，bingzai1980niankaishizengjiajiaoshixiangduishouru；yinduzecaiqulebutongdecelve，tongguozengjiajiaoshigongzihechuangjianshifanxuexiaodezuofalaitishengjiaoxuezhiliang，zhidao1990nianhoucaigaibianlichang，jiangmuguanggengduofangzailetigaoruxuelvshang。

liangguojiaoyulujingzhonggengdadebutongzaiyuxuekexuanzedechayishang。zaizhongguodegaodengjiaoyutixizhong，gongchengxue、jisuanjikexue、cailiaokexuehexiangguanjishulingyuzhangqizhanjuzhudaodiwei，jutongji，gaodengxuexiaozhongjinbanxueshengzhuxiuzheileizhuanye；xiangbizhixia，wenxue、lishi、zhexuedengwenkeleizhuanyezaizhongguogaodengjiaoyuzhongxiangduishoudaolehushi，erjinnianlaizheizhongfenhuayouweituxian。danzaiyindu，shehuikexue，baokuojingjixue、falvhezhengzhixue，yijishangke，rugongshangguanli、huijixue，zaigaodengjiaoyuzhongzhanjuxianzhubili，xuanzezheileiwenkedexueshengzhanbidadaole60%。

lingwaizhongguodejiaoyutixiyebiyindugengweiduoyuan，zhixiaoshengzaizhongdenghegaodengjiaoyujieduanzhanbidadaosifenzhiyi，eryinduzhiyouyue2%。

zuozhecheng，yinduxuanze“zishangerxia”delujing、pianzhongzhierfeiliangyijigengzhongwenkedezuofa，kenenggenyingguozhiminshiqirangjiaoyufuwuyujingyinghegonggongguanlidelishichuantongyouguan。

zhongguodediwenmanglv、gaoruxuelv、fadadezhiyejiaoyu，yijigongkezhanyoudegaodengjiaoyu，douweizhizaoyetigongleyuanyuanbuduandegaozhiliangderenliziben；erwenkejiaoyuhefadadexinxichanye（yijigailunwenzhongweitijidelingyigezhongyaoyinsu——duiyingyudezhongshi），zerangyinduchengleguojifuwuyeyouqishiruanjianhewaibaochanyezuiyoujingzhenglidewanjiazhiyi。

zheixiejiaoyutixidechayi，youshiruheyingxiangleliangguodejingjifazhanlujing？zuozherenweijiaoyutixidechayicongsangefangmiandaozhiyindudejingjifazhansuduluohouyuzhongguo。diyi，jididelaodongcanyulv，youqishinvxinglaodongcanyulv。2018nian，yindu20-60suichengnianrenzhongbugongzuodebiligaoda40%；ertongqizhongguowei23%。zheibufenkeyiguijiuyujichujiaoyubuzu、wenmanglvgaoqi，yinweitongchanglaishuo，jieshoujiaoyudenianxianyueduo，bugongzuodebilijiuyuedi，danzaiyindu，napashizaigaoxuelinvxingquntizhong，gongzuodebiliyehendi。dier，jichujiaoyufazhanhuanman，chezhouleyinducongnongyexiangzhizaoyehefuwuyezhuanxingdejincheng，yinweidaliangrenkouyinmeiyoudedaojiaoyuerzhinengbeikunzaishengchanxiaolvgengdidenongye。bujinruci，zainongye、zhizaoyegegelingyu，zhongguodelaodonglijieshoudejiaoyushuipingpingjuneryandouyaogaoyuyindu。

1980niandailiangguoxiangjishishiduiwaikaifang，jinyibufangdalezheisandaxiaoying。bishi，nianlingdayu20suidechengnianrenzhongyinduyou60%shiwenmang，erzhongguogaibilizhiyou22%。jiaoyubupingdenghaijiajuleyindudechengxianghepinfuchaju，lunwenshujuxianshi，gaiguoyue25%degongzibupingdengyuanyujiaoyudebupingdeng，xiangbizhixia，zhongguogaibilizhiyou2%-12%。

“zhongguolaodongcanyulvgenggao、gengduolaodonglijujizaigengyoushengchanlidebumen，genggaoshuipingdejiaoyu，yeyinci，bingbuqiguai1980niandaiyihouzhongguojingjibiaoxiangenghao。”zuozhexiedao。

dangran，yindudejingyinghefuwuyedaoxiangdejiaoyufazhanmoshiyebingfeiquanwuyoudian。daliangkejiheguanlirencaicongyinduligongxueyuandengjingyingxuefubiye，zaiguiguhequanqiukejigongsidanrenyaozhi，chengleyinduruanshilidezhongyaozuchengbufen。

neiyoumeiyoukenengyinweiliangguobutongdejingjifazhanleixing——qianzhegengguanzhushangpin，houzheguanzhufuwu——cushiliangguozhanlvexingdidiaozhengletamenderenlizibenfazhanmoshi？zuozherenweizheibutaikeneng。yinweiliangguozheizhongjiaoyuliniandechayizai1980nianyiqianjiuyijingcunzai。1960nianzuoyou，zhongguodebiyeshengzhong35%zhuangonggongchengzhuanye，ertongqiyindu，renwenheshekelingyuzhanbidadao60%，gongchengzhuanyedebiyeshengbilibudao5%。

zhangqiyilai，jingjixuejieyizhizaitaolunjiaoyuruheyingxiangjingjifazhan。yigegongshishi，duikejihegongchenglingyudegaodengjiaoyudezhongshikeyizhichengjingjizengzhang，biruyouyanjiuxianshi，yiguozaigongkelingyudebiyeshengzhanbigao，jingjizengzhanghuigengkuai；xiangfan，faxueyuanbiyeshengzhanbigaokenenghuituoleijingjizengzhangsudu。

ranerzaijingjidebutongfazhanjieduankenengxuyaoshipeibutongdejiaoyutixi，duici，jingjixuejiashangweidachengyizhi。yixieyanjiubiaoming，dangyigeguojiagengjiejinjishuqianyanshi，putongjiaoyugengnengcujinzengzhang；xiangfan，dangguojiayuanlishengchanliqianyanshi，zhiyejiaoyubeirenweigengnengcujinzengzhang。yejiushishuo，zaiyigeguojiadezaoqifazhanjieduan，“zixiaershang”dejiaoyukuozhang，jieheqiangdadezhiyejiaoyutixi，kenenggengnengcujinzengzhang。raner，zuozhezhichu，yeyouyanjiubiaomingzengjiagaodengjiaoyubikuodazhongxiaoxuejiaoyuduizengzhangdeyingxianggengda。

pangdaderenkouguimodoucengweiliangguodoudailailerenkouhongli，youqishizaizhongguo，gaigekaifangyilaidaliangshouguojiaoyuderencaiyongxianglaodonglishichang，zaiduanduanjishinianshijianlijiangzhongguobianweishijiedierdajingjitihe“shijiegongchang”。

danjinnianlaizhongguorenkoulaolinghuajiaju、xinshengrenkoushuliangxiajiang，yiji，bansuijingjiconggaosufazhanzhuanxianggaozhiliangfazhan，zhongguokaishimianlingongzishangzhang、shengchanlvtishenghuanmanhechanyeshengjikunnandengtiaozhan，renkouhongliyeyijingchengweiguoqushi；gengzhongyaodeshi，zhongguohaimianlinzhecongtouziqudongxingjingjixiangzhexiaofeiqudongxingdejiannanzhuanxing，zaizheigeguochengzhong，zhizaoyeshengjidetongshituidongfuwuyedefazhanzhiguanzhongyao。

guoqujishiniandejiaoyuqudelefeifanchengguo，danyanxiayemianlinzhezhuduotiaozhan，wulunshizhiyejiaoyuyuchanyexuqiudetuojie，haishijiaoyuderiyineijuanyijijiaoyuhuibaolvdejiangdi，yijichanyeshengjibeijingxiayingshijiaoyutixiduichuangxinxuqiudeweidadengdeng，jiaoyudegaigehaixutishangricheng。