wen | xiaguangshe canghaimingyuesheng

编辑 | 刘景丰

dongnanya，yijingchengweizhongguozhizaoqiyexianghaiwaiqianxidezuizhongyaomudedi。

2021—2023nian，zhongguozhizaoyeduidongnanyadeleijitouzijinechaoguo400yimeiyuan，yuanchaoouzhou、lameidengdiqu。yinni、malaixiya、yuenan、jianpuzhaidengdongnanyaguojia，douxiyinzhedalianglaizizhongguodetouzi。zheixieqiyedaduoweifuzhuangfangzhi、dianzizhizao、jixieshengchandenglaodongmijixingchanye，qizhongbufalixunjingmi、biyadizheizhongtoubuqiye。

zhongguozhizaoqiyezhisuoyikanzhongdongnanyadeshichang，shiyinweizheilijulizhongguojiaojin，qiejubeidaliangdichengbendelaodongliziyuan，erdongnanyabenshenyejubeijiaohaodemaoyiyoushihexiaofeishichang。

danyanxia，yichangqiaowushengxidebianhua，zhengzaijidongnanyadezhizaoxingqiyemengshangyinying。

suizhedongnanyashuzijingjijueqi，waimai、zhubodengziyouzhiyezhengchengweinianqingrenzeyedexinxuanze。yushi，banianqianzaizhongguofashengdeyimu，jintianzaidongnanyashangyanle——nianqinglizhuangdedagongren，kaishiconggongchangtaoli，jiaruwaimai、zhibodengxinxingxingye。

“dangxianianqingrenningyuanqusongwaimai、qusongkuaidiyebuyuanyiqugongchangle。”fuyaobolichuangshirencaodewangfachudegantan，zaiyicizaixinxingzhizaoyejididongnanyashangyan。

2024nian，yuenanshouzhongzuiguangdexinwenmeitivnexpress fabulezheiyangyizebaodao：weiyuhuzhimingshiguzhixiandesamhoxiechang，zhengyinglaiyanzhongdeyonggonghuang。

zuoweinaikezaiyuenandezhongyaogongyingshang，samhoxiechangdianfengshiqiyouyuangongyiwanduoming。qianliangnianyouyuyiqingdaozhijingyingkunnan，xiechangbeipocaiyuanzhi6000renzuoyou。

caiyuanyishishuang，zhaorenliangxinglei。xianzaigongsidingdanlianghuigui，quefaxianzhaobudaorenle。

2024nianchunjieguohou，samhoxiechangjiuchuxianle1500rendegangweikongque。weilejinkuaihuifushengchan，gongsibujinkaichule700wanzhi800wanyuenandundeyuexin（yue275zhi314meiyuan），haiweimianshizhetigongchelvfei。kexiaoguorengbujinrurenyi。

yushi，samhoxiechangdeguanlizhemen，budebujielianfachuyilianchuandazhao：guliciqianbeijiegudegongrenzhongfangangwei，gongzibubiangonglingjintiezhaofa；xinyuangongzhiyaoganmanlianggeyue，jikehuo60wanyuenandundejiangjin，zhihoumeiduogongzuoyigeyuedounengna40wanyuenandunjiangjin，zhizhiman48geyueweizhi；waidigongrenkexiangyoumeiyue50wanyuenandundezhusubutie；suoyougongrendouxiangyouquanqinjiang、chalvbuzhudengfuli；yangyu6geyueyixiaertongdegongren，gongsihaihuiewaizhifuyuerjintie……

jibiankaichuleruciyouchengyidejiama，lianggeyueguohou，samhoxiechangyezhizhaodaole300duoren。

samhoxiechangdezaoyu，juefeigeli。

zaihuzhimingshidexinpinggongyequ，yijiamingweiqingkangdefangzhichangjixu1000duominggongren，danqianlaiyingpindenianqingrenqueliaoliaowuji。

duici，renliziyuanbufuzerentanxianshengbiaoshi：“xianzaifangzhiyeduiyuenandenianqingrenyidianerxiyinlidoumeiyou，youyuqueshaorenshou，jibiangongsinengjiedaodaliangdingdan，yewufashixianyuqichanneng。”

genglipudeshi，yijiaxinkaidexiechangxuyaozhaopin9000minggongren，fuzerenshichuhunshenjieshuyezhinengzhaodao5000duoren，erqiemeiyuehaiyoushubaimingyuangongnaozhecizhi。duici，fuzerenwunaidibiaoshiyijingfangqizhaopinmubiao，yinwei“zheiyagenerjiubukenengshixian。”

mianlintongyangkunjingde，haiyoumalaixiya。

zuoweiquanqiuzuidadetianranxiangjiaoshengchanguozhiyi，xiangjiaochanyeyizhishimalaixiyadezhizhuchanye。kejinnianlai，laoyibeidecaijiaogongzhujiandiaoling，dangdihenshaoyounianqingrenyuanyicongshizheiyigongzhong。guoqudeshinianli，shoulaogongduanque、shengchanchengbenguogaodengduozhongyinsu，malaixiyaxiangjiaochanliangyichengxianchuxiahuaqushi。

2024nian1yue4ri，malaixiyazhongzhijiyuanchanyebuzhangzuohalihaiweicizhaokailejizhehui。tatanyan，malaixiyayouyue42wangongqingdexiangjiaoyuan，danyinlaogongduanqueerwufashouge，zaochengdekuisunyujigaoda23yilinjite（yuehe35yiyuanrenminbi）。anmeigongqingxuyaoyiminggongrenlaijisuan，malaixiyazhishaoxuyao7wanminggongrencainengjiejuezheigewenti。

“ruguozhengfubucaiqucuoshi，zheijiangyingxiangzhenggeguojiadejingjizengzhang。”zuohalijinggaocheng。

yinci，jizhehuigangjieshu，malaixiyazhengfujiuxuanbuduizhizaoye、jianzhuye、zhongzhiyedeng5geguanjianxingyedewaijigongrenshixingjiuyefangkuanjihua，yunxuguzhuraoguoyixietiaojianxianzhi，cong15gelaiyuanguoguyongwaijigongren。

keyeyouxiangguanrenshicheng，waijigongrencunzaijinengbuduikou、quefashuliandudengwenti，zheigejihuanengyouduoshaokexingxing，budeerzhi。

dongnanyadeyonggonghuang，zuidadetuishouyuanzishuzijingjidailaidebiange。

deyiyuyouyuedediliweizhi、pangdaernianqingderenkou、kaifangbaorongdezhiduhequyushenduronghedeyoushi，jinnianlaidongnanyayinglaileyiboshuzijingjidelangchao。

yuanyong《dongnanyahulianwangjingjibaogao》deshuju，2023niandongnanyashuzijingjiguimodadao2180yimeiyuan，tongbizengzhang11%，yuanchaoquanqiupingjunshuiping。

xiangjiaoyulaodongmijixingchanyekuzaofanzhongdegongzuohuanjing，jubeiwangluohua、zhinenghuadeshuzijingji，cuishengchudalianglinghuoziyoudejiuyexingtai，xianranduinianqingrengengyouxiyinli。

25suideyuenanqingnianxiaotan，2024nianchujiarulegrabpingtaizuoleyimingwangyuechesiji。erzaicizhiqian，tashiheneiyijiaqichelingbujianchangdegongren。

gaozhongbiyehoujiuruzhizheijiagongchangdexiaotan，meiyuejiabanjiadiannengnadao1000wanyuenandunzuoyou（yueherenminbi2939yuan）dexinshui。

yuenantongjizongjurenkouyulaodongtongjisideshujuxianshi，2023niandiyijidu，yuenanchengshigongrendepingjunshouruwei860wanyuenandun（yueherenminbi2527yuan），nongcungongrendepingjunshouruzewei610wanyuenandun（yueherenminbi1793yuan）。

erxiaotanzuowangyuesijideshouru，qishibingmeiyouzaigongchangshangbangao。raner，taduiciquehenmanyi：“zaichangliganhuojingchangbeizhuguanxunchi，rangwohenbukaixin，kaiwangyuechesuiranqianshaodian，dangengziyou，yemeineimexinku。”

29suideyinniguniangsuxi，xianhouzaidianzichanghezhixiechangdagong。houlai，wufachengshougaoqiangdugongzuohuanjingdeta，yiranconggongchangcizhi，zhuanshenzaizaidangdibaolebanniandezhongwenpeixunban。

xianzaidesuxi，zaizhongguotaiwandiquzuojiazhengbaomu，fuzezhaoguyiduilaonianfufu，shourushiyiqiangongchangde3bei，erqiebuxiangzaigongchanglishangbanneimelei。

2021nian，suizhetiktok shopkaishijinrudongnanya，zhibodianshangchanyesuihoujiuchengledangdifengkou。laowoyiweinvdaxuesheng，jiuminruidijiedaolezheiyibopotiandefugui。

zheimingnvdaxueshengzailianshushangdeyonghumingshi“yenly phettavanh”，20suidetayijingyou6niandechuangyejingyanle：14suikaiqichuangyezhilumaiyifu；15suizhuanmaihuazhuangpin；16suimaihuagongchanpin，dandoumeizhengdaoshenmeqian，17suineinian，tadaogufuzhuangchangqianxiale3yijipu（laowohuobidanwei，1wanjipu=3.3yuanrenminbi）dezhaiwu。

cihoudeliangnianli，tachangshiguoduozhongzhiyehaizhai，dandouhaowuqise，erzhibochanyedechuxian，rangtamingyundechilunkaiqilezhuandong。kaozhezhibomaianmoyao，bannianshijianli，tazhuan10yijipu，haiqingle3yijipuzhaiwu，haiduozhuanle7yijipu。

hefubeixiangbi，zheijiedongnanyanianqingrendesixianggengkaifang。zaitamenkanlai，shenghuoyinggaishiziyouqieduoyuanhuade，nianqingrenyinggaichangshigengduokeneng，erbushizaigongchangdeweiqianglixiaohaoqingchun。

zhulishizibendetianxing，zhizaoyezhisuoyizhaduiqianyidongnanya，yigezhongyaoyuanyinshi，kanzhongledangdijuederenkouhongli。

juyuenantongjizongjudetongjishuju，jiezhidao2023nianniandi，yuenanzongrenkouyuewei1.03yi，zaidongnanyapaimingdisan，jinciyuyindunixiyahefeilvbin，shishijieshangdi15gerenkoushangyideguojia。

shujuxianshi，yuenanrenkoudepingjunnianlingwei32.5sui，70%derenkoudoushilaodonglirenkou；yinnirenkougengshishijiepaimingdisi，quanguo2.6yirenkouzhong，you6500duowanrennianlingzai20zhi35suizhijian，zhandaogongzuonianlingrenkoude50%。

raner，dongnanyakansipojuqianlidelaodonglishichang，quechengweizhizaoyedezhimingduanban。

shouxian，dongnanyadelaodonglisuzhibugao。

yiyuenanweili，yuenanlaodonglishoupeixunlvjinwei67%，chiyouwenpinghezhengshulvjinwei27%，zhinengcongshijiandandejiagongchanye，piru：fangzhipinfuzhuang、dianziyuanjianzuzhuang、mucaijiagongdenglaodongmijixingxingye。

jibianshiyuenandegaodengjiaoyu，zhuanyepeizhiyeyiwenkeleiweizhu，ligongleijinyoujixie、dianqi、zidonghuadengxuekexiangduiwanbei，qitaruguangxue、guangdian、gongyegongchengdengzhuanyejiduxique，shenzhiqueshi。juhuzhimingshigaoxinyuanqupeixunzhongxindeshuju，yuenanmeinianzhishaoyou20%degaojierencaiquekou，qieduanqineinanyitianbu。

erfangyanzhenggedongnanya，geguozaishizishuipingshangyechayijida。genjulianheguodeyanjiu，dongmengguojiadeshizilvpingjunnengdadao90%yishang，dangeguozhijiancunzaixianzhudechayi：yuenanchengrenshizilvyida97%，yinnideshizilvwei69%，jianpuzhaiwei74%，miandianwei76%，erlaowodeshizilvdizhi58%。

gengzhimingdeshi，yinweiqueshaogaosuzhirencai，zhizaoyeyanfachuangxinshouzu，dangdinengxinadegongchangjibenzhinengkaodiduanchanpinxuming，wuyiliwaidoucunzaizheshijianzhang、qiangduda、huanjingchadebiduan，gengburongyixiyinnianqingren。

exingxunhuan，youciersheng。

qici，dongnanyadelaodonglitairongyishouwaibuyinsuyingxiangle。

suiranzhengtijingjitiliangbuda，danzi1986nianshishigexinkaifangzhengcehou，yuenandegdpjiuyimeinianpingjun6.5%desududizeng。youqishijinnianlaipingjiewaixiangxingjingjijiegoudetuidong，jingjizhishugengshiyilukaigua。buguoyiqikaiguade，haiyoudangdidefangjia。

youshujuxianshi，jinwunianlai，yuenandefangdichanshichangjinglileduocirechao，tudijiagezhangfuchaoguo50%。dichanxingyedebaohuo，yindeyuelaiyueduonianqingrenconggongchangtaoli，fenfenzhuanxingzuoqilefangchanzhongjie。

《yuenankuaibao》caifangleyiweizhongjiecongyezhe，jutatoulu，ruguonengcuchengyibi30yiyuenandun（yueherenminbi90wanyuan）zuoyoudefangdichanjiaoyi，yongjinjiunengnajiejinshangwanyuanrenminbile，biqugongchangdagongqingsongduole。

shouxifangwenhuayingxiang，jinxienianxianglezhuyizaidongnanyanianqingrenzhijianshengxing，mouzhongchengdushangyexueruoletamenjinchangdejijixing。

yuchikunailaodefubeimenbutong，zheiyidaidongnanyanianqingrengengchongshangxiaofeixiangshou。jibianshiweileshengjibudebushangban，tamenyewangwanggengqinglaiyushangchangchaoshineiyangdehuanjing。

duici，meiguojiajuzhizaoshanglovesaczaiyuenangongchangdefuzerenbiaoshirentong：“xianzaidongnanyadenianqingren，renshouyitaizhinengshouji，zaoyirongruquanqiuwenhua，tamentingmeiguonianqingrenaitingdege，yezhuimeiguonianqingrenxihuandedianshijuhezhenrenxiu，genbenbuxiangquchanglichiku。”

nianqingrentaoligongchang，zhizaoyehoujifali，huangdebuzhishilaoban，haiyouzhengfugaoceng。

bijingbujiuqian，yuenanzhengfuwangzhanbanbulebandaotichanye2030nianfazhanzhanlvehedao2050nianyuanjing；taiguotouzicujinweiyuanhui（boi）yeweitaiguochanyeshuipingmaixiangchanye4.0deguihuabanbuletouzicujincuoshi；yinnizongtongyezuokeyeyujinrixuanbu，qidongmubiaoweishixian“huangjinyindunixiyayuanjing”de《2025－2045nianguojiazhangqifazhanguihua》，bingtichuyinnidedazhanlvezhuyaoshigongyehuazhanlve，bixuyichuangxinyingduidangqianjishuqudongdequanqiudaqushi。

ermeiyoulechengshudechanyeliangongren，zaihongweidelantudoujiangchengweipaoying。

yinci，dongnanyadelaogongbumenbuduanchutaixindezhengce，yindaogongchangdiaozhenghuanjinghedaiyu，yiyinghenianqingrendexuqiu。

yuenandebufengongchangkaishiweigongrengongyingkafei、naichadengyinliao，bingtigongmianfeidewudaokecheng；yeyougongchangtigaoshitangbiaozhun，bingweiyuangongzinvchuangjianyoueryuan；yuenanlixungongsihaixinxiulesushe，dianshiyulegongnengyiyingjuquan。

malaixiyadeyixiegongchang，buzaiqiangzhiyuangongchuangongzuofu，jinerdazaochuhexiekuansongdegongzuohuanjing。zhengrudangdiguzhulianhehuizhuxisyed hussain syed husmanshuodeneiyang：“womenshituranggongchangbiandegengyoumeiliyidianer，birukongjiangengda，caiguanggenghao，haihuibofangmeimiaodeyinle。”

haiyougongsifangkuanleduiyuangongdejinengyaoqiu，jinerjiangpeixunzuoweigongchangchengbendeyibufen。taiguoyijiazhaopingongsidezongjinglirichard jacksonjiubiaoshi：“gongchangyaomedeweixiangyaodejinengduohuadianqian，yaomedezaitamenxuyaodenenglishangtuoxie。”

erzheixiefulidedaijia，shijiejiegaoshengdezhizaoyechengben。

zi2022nian7yueqi，yuenanzuidigongzibiaozhunjiangjiaoxianxinggongzijishushangzhang6%，erzheiyizhangfuchixuleshiduonian。

genjulianheguoguojilaogongzuzhideshuju，yuenangongchangdexinzishuipingzi2011nianyilaizengjialeyibeiyishang。muqiangongchangdepingjunxinzikeyidadaomeiyue320meiyuan（yueherenminbi2328yuan），dankanzhangfu，yuenanshimeiguoxinzizhangfude3bei。

youfenxirenwei，zuijinsannianyuenanderenlichengbenshangzhangle20%zuoyou，yujizaisandaowunianneijiangdadaozhongguodeshuiping。

chixubiaoshengdeyonggongchengben，yinfalechaoguo20%deyuenanwaizizhizaoqiyededanyou：“ruguobuduantongguodiaoxinlaiwanliugongren，baochouyushijinenglishifoupipei？”

yeyoubufenqiyejiabiaoshi：“tongguozhangxinliuzhuyuangong，xiaoguojiqiyouxian。yinweizuidixinzishangdiao，wangwangdaidongfangzuwujiashangzhang。zhengfuyuqijiaxin，burujiaqiangchanyejunhengfazhan，zhiyouzheiyang，zhizaoyesuomianlindelaodongliquekouwenticaihuigaishan。”

dongnanyadeyonggonghuang，yejilewoguodechuantongzhizaoxingyeqiaoxianglejingzhong。

zhangyuanlaikan，zaishuzijingjiherenkoulaolinghuadeshuangzhongchongjixia，chuantongzhizaoyeruguozhiyikaodichengbendelaodonglilaiweixi，xianranshinanyichixude。

ruheliyongshuzixinxihuajishutuidongzhinengzhizao，shixianchanpindeshengjiyitishengchanpinfujiazhi，caishidangqianmeiyijiashengengyuzhizaoyedeqiyetanxundefangxiang。

yinweichuangxin，yongyuanshiqiyezuihexindejingzhengli。

参考资料：

[1]《东南亚年轻人对工厂爱理不理：加薪也留不住，宁愿去开摩的》，时代周报

[2]《马来西亚多行业陷入“用工荒”，商会呼吁引入外籍工人》 环球网

[3]《越南工厂的难题：劳动力不再“廉价”，月薪3000无人应聘》 第一财经