文丨庄文越（华南理工大学公共政策研究院 研究助理）

suizhetelangpudedangxuan，meiguoduiwoguode“maoyizhan”“kejizhan”yanxuyichengweishehuigejiepubiandeyuqi。xianyoujingjixingshixia，guoneidaxunhuanhuolirengyoudaijinyibutisheng，guojixunhuanmianduimeixifang“xuanbianzhan”shidegongyinglianjinxing“beifen”yu“zhuanyi”，neiwaixingshiyanjun。woguoqiye，tebieshizhizaoyedeminyingqiye，shishishangxuanzeleyi“neijuan”zuoweiyingdui。womenrenwei，jinguan“neijuan”kenengshiqiyeweiqiushengcun，budeyierweizhi，danqibuliyuchuangxin，tebieshidianfuxingdejishuchuangxin，zaizhangyuankanlaiduiqiyehexingyefazhanbuli，zhengfuzaizhidinggonggongzhengceshixuduiciyinqijingti，diaozhengsheqifuchizhengcededaoxiang，bingyichuhaidengxingshiyindaoqiyerongruquanqiufazhandaju，kaipixindezengliang。

“内卷”为什么不值得提倡？

“neijuan”shizhishangshidishuipingde“pin”，yexuqiyurujiachuantongwenhuazhong“chidekuzhongkufangweirenshangren”deguandianyouweimiao（dandaiyoupiancha）deqihe——womenkandao，bujinshizhongguoqiyejuan，zhenggedongyarujiawenhuaquanruriben、hanguodeqiyeyezaijuan。danzheizhongzuofakenengduizhenzhengdedianfuxingchuangxinchanshengjidazuai。

“neijuan”zaiweiguancengmian，kekanzuoshiguanlineikongzhidude“wanshanyuyouhua”，danyiciweijichudeguanlitixi，wangwangbansuizheyanzhongdeneihao，bingzuaijishuchuangxin。bushaodaqiyedouyongyoujiqiwanshandeguanlikaohezhidu（bingyiciweiao），jihujiangmeigeyuangongzuoweidulihesuangeti，jiangkpiyushouruzhijieguagou。zheiyangzaigetishangqueshijiangchengbenjiangdaolejidi，danmeigetuanduizaihezuozhongquebudebu“fangyishou”，nanyixingchengheli。raner，xianjieduanxuduochuangxinyouyuanfeidandadudounengshixian，bixuyikaokualingyuronghe。zaizhe，tongguoliuchengguanlinengshixiandejishutupo，gengduozaiyuyoumingquedejishuluxianheduibiaoduixiangdezhuiganxinglingyu（jiduandelizi，shanzhai）。

kennisi·sitanli（kenneth stanley）heqiaoer·leiman（joel lehman）zai《weishenmeweidabunengbeijihua》（why greatness cannot be planned: the myth of the objective）zhongzhichu：juedaduoshudianfuxingtupodoushiouranchanshengde。

zaiqianyanlingyu，yanjiurenyuanmianduixiangjindemubiaoheguihua，chengshoukoujiangjin、moweitaotaidengyali，hennanshixianshizhixingtupo。gengweizhimingdeshi，yidanduishouchanshengledianfuxingtupo，neimezaizenme“juan”yeshitulao（dianxingruxinnengyuanqichezaidonglicengmianduichuantongranyouchedenianya）。

zaimianxiangxingyedezhongguancengmian，“neijuan”yebingbumeihao。xuduozhongguozhizaochenggongdexingye，rumoju，zuichuyikaodeshizishenziyuanyaosubingfu，yi“duokuaihaosheng”defenggeduiqitachanpinxingchengxiangduiyoushi，bingweichizuyizhichengqiyanfadelirunlv。dandangxinduishoucaiqudijianeijuandecelvehou，xingyehenkuaijiubianweihonghai，nanyiweiji。

conghongguancengmiankan，zuiyaomingdewentizaiyu“neijuan”dedaorenxiangnei。zaiyoujishudaichadelingyu，oumeichangshangzaimianlindijiacelveshi，gengduodihuixuanzezhuanxianggaoduanshenzhi“huansaidao”，erguoneichangshangzehuixianruzhangqidetongzhijingzheng。tongzhihuajingzhengyoudailaiyigewenti，jizhongxiaoqiyebuganchuangxin。youyushanzhai，xinjishuhenkuaibeimofang，wufashouhuiyanfachengben，meirenganshangxinchanxian。zhiyoudaxingqiye，yituopangdadeziyuan，nengzaiduishoufanyingqiankuaisuxingchengchanneng，qiangzhanshichang。

中国制造业企业为什么不得不“内卷”？

congrenxingdejiaodukan，ruguobaozhengchongzudelirun，nengqingsonggongzuo，youyousheiyuanyixianruwuxiuzhideneijuanni？qiyedeneijuan，biranyouqibudeyierweizhideliyou。congmouzhongyiyishangshuo，dangxiadezuidayuanyinkenengshiweilezuodayigenghaodishengcun，zheiyidianzaizhizaoyeyoushen。gengshencengcideyuanyin，yuyizhiyilaizhengcegengcezhong“xuanyoufuqiang”youguan。

ruguoqiyemeiyouzugoudeguimo，yinxingzaifafangdaikuanshidouhuixiangdangjinshen，gengwulunhuoquqitatouzideng。xiangfan，yidanzuodabingbeishuliwei“mingxingqiye”，qiyedexindaiedujiuhuibiandexiangdangchongyu，zhengfubutieyegengyihuode，shenzhifumianyuqingyedounengtongguogezhongqudaoxiaomi。dangqianneixubuzhen，shichangdimi，caizhengzijinjinzhang，“sengduozhoushao”dexingshijinyibujiajuleqiyeyali，yushitongguo“neijuan”zuodabianchengweilixingxuanze。yinweizhiyouzuodacainengzaidangqianshichanghuanjingzhonggenghaoshengcun。

weishenmezhongyang、xuejie、qiyejieyizhiqiangdiaoshichangdezhongyaoxing？zuigenbendeyuanyinjizaiyu，shichangnenggengyouxiaolvdipeizhiziyuan。dangran，shichangzhishangdeziyouzhuyijingjixuezaixifangjinnianlaideshijianzhongwentiyufatuxian，zhengfuganyudezhongyaoxingbeiyufazhongshi。danshi，zhengfuruheganyuzhiguanzhongyao。zidangdeshibadayilai，woguochixujiamaduizhongxiaoqiyedefuchi，qiangdiaoshichangzaiziyuanpeizhizhongdezuoyong。danyouyulishiguanxingdengzhuduoyuanyin，dangqiandezhengcetixirengrangengzhongshidazaoyiqiangshilongtouweihexindechanyedajiqun，jixingyelingjunzhegengdadezhichi，xiwangjiangqidazaochengquanqiufanweideshangyehangmu，canyuguojijingzheng。lishishang，riben、hanguo、xinjiapozhengshipingjiezheiyizuofaqudelechuqidetengfei。zaiwoguozishengongyetixidegoujianlichengzhong，longtouqiyehechanyejiqunyeqidaolezhizhuxingzuoyong。

zheiyileizhengcedezhengfankuishi，qiangzhenengyigengkuaidesudubiandegengqiang，zaigengduanshijianneishixianganchao；erqifuzuoyongzaijingjitiliangdaerzengzhangfalishihuibeifangda，neijiushixingyeneiguimojiaoxiaodejingzhengduishouwufashengcun。weilegenghaohuoquziyuan，qiyebixuzuoda。erzuodadeyigexiangdui“jiandan”delujing，jiushipinmingjuanjiage。

解决“内卷”的思路在于政策调整和企业出海

tongguoyishangfenxi，womenrenwei：zhizaoyeqiyeneijuan，guigenjiedishishichangwenti。zheiqizhongjibaokuoxianyouguizeguizhiduishichangjiankangjingzhengdeyindaobuzu，yebaokuokeguandexuqiushousuo。neime，duiciwentidejiejuesiluyemingquezhixiangliangdian，jisheqifuchizhengcedediaozhengheyindaoqiyechuhai。

1.更多地支持中小企业向专精化发展

制造业的强大在于产业生态，产业生态健康与否取决于多样的中小企业。习近平总书记zhichu，zhongxiaoqiyelianxiqianjiawanhu，shituidongchuangxin、cujinjiuye、gaishanminshengdezhongyaoliliang。zaiquanqiugongyinglianjidufuza，zhuanyefengongyufaxihuadedangxia，henduokansibuqiyandezhongxiaoqiyeyunhanzhejudadechuangxinqianneng。

zhuanyefengongxihuadebeijingdaozhidaqiyeweimouyijiqixifendelingyuzhuanmenkaishebumen，weichituanduibingbuxianshi，ershengengzheiyilingyudexiaotuanduizaijishushangjingyiqiujing，tongshifuwuruogandaqiyebingzhuanqukeguandelirun。

zheiyitezhizaigongyeshebeileixingyeyouweixianming，ruyigezhuanmenzuojichuangwendufangzhenhekongzhifangandexiaogongsi，yibuzu20rendeguimotongshiweiquyuneishiyujiashebeiqiyetigongzhuanxiangfuwu。zheizhonggongzuojishizaituozhanyebujuyouguimoyoushi，yinciweichixiaoweiqiyedetiliangjike。ciwai，deguo、ruishidengguojiadejichuanghejiqirenxingyeyefeichangnengshuomingwenti。daliangguimozai100renyixiadeqiye，weifeichangxifendelingyushengchangaofujiazhidezhuanyongshebei，yongyoujiaogaodejishubilei，zaiouzhounaizhiquanqiudoukesuan“yinxingguanjun”。xiandaizhizaoyeqiaqiaxuyaodaliangdezheiyileizhongxiaoqiyetigongzhuanyefuwu。

tongshi，zhizaoyedeqiangdayufouzaiyuduoyangxing，huozheshuochanyelianrenxing。

一方面，技术本身不应有绝对的先进和落后之分，关键要看是否适用于生产场景；另一方面，大量的中小企业在各自专精的细分领域形成竞争优势，而总体上看没有任何一个环节无可替代，才能保证自主可控的全面高质量发展。

zhidekendingdeshi，woguoyichongfenyishidaozhizaoyezhuanjinghua、dingzhihuahelisanshengchandequshi，yizhuanjingtexinxiaojurenweidaibiaodezhengcetixiyiqudexianzhuchengxiao，dan“fuqiang“delishiguanxingrengrancunzai。

womenjianyi，zhishaozaijungong、dianli、shuilidengyuguojiaanquanhegonggongfuwuguanlianxingbuqiangde、jubeigengduoshichanghuajingyanheqianzhidelingyu（dianxingrujiadiandengchuantongchanyehezhinengjiqirendengxinxingchanye），shiduruohuaduilongtouqiyedezhichi，gengduoyitongyizhunru、tongyijianguandengfangshiyingzaogongpinggongzhengdeshichanghuanjing；jinyibutansuojishujinbuyuchangjingguagou，jijishufamingbushiweiledadaomouyijutizhibiao，ershijiejueleshijiyingyongchangjingzhongdejutiwenti。ciwai，youhuatidupeiyugainian，buzaijiangchanzhiguimoheshuishougongxianzuoweizhengcejixiaokaohedezuizhongdaoxiang，gengduoqiangdiaoduijishujinbuhechenggongshichanghuadejiangbu。

2.积极引导民营企业出海

ruguoshuozhengcedaoxiangdediaozhengshi“hangshineigong”，neimeqiyechuhaijiushixunzhaoshichangzengliang，“lianhaowaigong”debiyouzhilu。

yishibunengbawaixunhuanjiyugongshourangren。

guoneizhengcediaozhengluodixuyaoshijian，erdangqianshangchujieduanxingshousuodeneixuwufamanzuqiyeshengcunsuoxushichangrongliang。yindu、dongmengdepangdarenkoujishuhejudafazhanqianliduiyingzhejudadezhongdiduanshichang；ouzhou、meiguoheribenchaoguo10yiderenkouduiyingzhezhonggaoduanshichang，yingyichuhaizhuazhushichangjiyu。

ershichanpinshichangdaozhiqiyebixuchuhai。

xuduoyuanyoudewaixiangxingqiye，shengchandechanpinduoweimanzuguowaixifenshichangxuyao，rugecaoji、choushuibeng、kongqiyasuoji、shoudonggongjudenghuayuanhechekuyongpinyishizhongguozhizaoqiangxiangdanzaiguoneijibenmeiyoushichang，diudiaoguowaishichangjiujihudengtongyudiushiquanbu，chukouzhuanneixubingbuxianshi。

sanshihaiwaibujuyouliyuwoguozhizaoyezhangqifazhan。

duiqiyeeryan，bikaimaoyizhanguanshuidetongshigengjiejinmubiaoshichang，ruguozaidongnanyaguojiatouzijianchang，neimeshengchanchengbenjiangdi，chanpinyegengjujingzhengli，erzhengfuyeketongguoduigongminhaiwaizichanzhengshuihuoqushouyi。

duiguojiaeryan，qiyezaiwaishechang，qicaiyongdeshebei、biaozhunyejiangzaidangdikuosanchuanbo。tebieduiyugongyeshebeileixingye，deguo、riben、hanguo、zhongguotaiwanshengdengdiqudejichuangzaizhongguoshichangdechenggong，hendachengdushangguigongyuxiayouzhizaoyezaihuashechangbingshiyongxiangguanshebei。dangqianwoguoguoqichuhaiyouyugezhongzhengzhijingjiyuanyin，shoudaoyidingzuai。zaizheizhongqingkuangxia，gengyingjiaqiangduiminyingqiyechuhaideguliheyindao。

womenjianyi，zaitongchouanquanyufazhandeqiantixia，yishijinyibufangkuanminyingzibenduiwaizhijietouzidexianzhi，zuzhiqiyejie、zhengjie、xuejiezhuanjiayanpanzhiding《duiwaizhijietouzichanyemulu》bingdongtaigengxindiaozheng；ershigulizhongxiaoqiyebaotuanchuhai，zongjiexiangguanjingyanbingjinxingduoqudaoxuanchuan，weigengduoqiye，tebieshizhongxiaoqiyechuhaitigongzhidao；sanshichixutuidongyuguojijingmaoguizedexianjie，yigengjiakaifangdezitaihuiyingou、ri、han、yin、dongmengdengdiquduiwodezhiyi，zaichixutuidong“yidaiyilu”jianshedetongshi，tansuoyushangshuguojiahediquqianghuazaijingmaolingyudeshuangbian/duobianduihuayuhezuo。

（文章仅代表作者观点。文章首发于微信公号“IPP评论”。界面新闻获授权刊发。责编邮箱：yanguihua@jiemian.com。）