文丨罗志恒 马家进 原野
12yue9ri,zhonggongzhongyangzhengzhijuzhaokaihuiyi,fenxiyanjiu2025nianjingjigongzuo。
1、形势判断上,huiyichongfenkendinglejinnianlaizhibuyidefazhan,tichujinnianjingjishehuimubiaojiangshunliwancheng,tongshirenshidaodangqianjimingnianjingjimianlindeneixubuzuhewaibuchongjidengwenti,tixianzaiyaoqiu“dalitizhenxiaofei、tigaotouzixiaoyi,quanfangweikuodaguoneixuqiu”“kuodagaoshuipingduiwaikaifang,wenwaimao、wenwaizi”。
2、会议最大的亮点是:政策总基调“更加积极有为”,财政政策从“积极”到“更加积极”,货币政策从“稳健”到“适度宽松”,“加强超常规逆周期调节”。
3、强调“稳住楼市股市”,yizibenshichanghuoyueweixiandao,zhubuxiufujumin、qiyedezichanfuzhaibiao,jifaweiguanzhutihuoli。
4、重视预期管理,tichu“jiaqiangyuqiguanli,tigaozhengcezhengtixiaoneng”。
一、总体形势判断:肯定经济运行总体平稳、稳中有进,但也要正视内需不足和外部冲击,务实又具前瞻性
会议强调了今年经济工作的重要性,并肯定了成绩来之不易。“jinnianshishixian‘shisiwu’guihuamubiaorenwudeguanjianyinian”,nengfoushunlishixiannianchudingxiadejingjizengsumubiao,bujinzhijieguanxiguojiminsheng,haihuiyingxiangyuqi。zhongyang“chenzheyingbian、zongheshice”,shixian“jingjiyunxingzongtipingwen、wenzhongyoujin,quannianjingjishehuifazhanzhuyaomubiaorenwujiangshunliwancheng”。2024nianzhongguojingjizongtichengvxingzoushi,qiansanjidugdptongbifenbiewei5.3%、4.7%he4.6%,sijiduhuohuishengzhi5%zuoyou,yujiquannianzengsuwei4.9%,jibenshixian“5%zuoyou”deyuqimubiao。
但也要正视当前及明年经济面临的内需不足和外部冲击。2025nianzhongguojingjiyunxingdezhudaoyinsu,jiangcong2023-2024niandefangdichanhedifangzhaiwuwentizhuanhuaweifangdichanhe“telangpuchongji”,dangrandifangzhaiwuwentirengxuyinqiguanzhu,jijinru“2+1”jieduan。yilanzizengliangzhengcehou,fangdichanshichangzhengzaizhudihuiwen,baogongji、cuxuqiuhewenfangjiarengshihexinrenwu,rengyingxiangzhejingjiyunxing。tongshi,telangpujihuaduihuajiazhengguanshui,jiangxianzhuchongjizhongguochukou,duanqikenengchuxian“qiangchukou”xianxiang,danquannianrengjiangchengya。huazhaihuanjieledifangzhengfudeliudongxingfengxian,danhuazhairengweijieshu,bufenquyurengmianlinfuxiyalihe“sanbao”yali。ciwai,juminxiaofeiheqiyetouzirengyoudaijinyibutizhen。
因此会议一方面要求“大力提振消费、提高投资效益,全方位扩大国内需求”,另一方面强调“扩大高水平对外开放,稳外贸、稳外资”。扩大需求是扩大有消费能力的需求、有投资收益的投资需求,会议明确提出“提高投资收益”,这样才能既发挥扩大需求的作用,又能优化供给结构,避免债务风险。
二、政策基调更加积极有为,表述有变化:实施更加积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策,加强超常规逆周期调节
2011年以来,财政货币政策的基调一直是“积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策”,可能再加上“加力提效”“灵活适度”等表述,本次会议进行了重大调整,改为“更加积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策”,并在“逆周期调节”前面加上“超常规”的定语,充分体现了中央对于推动经济持续回升向好、提振市场信心和预期的决心。
宏观调控力度更大、更具针对性和前瞻性、更强调效果,这既是过去宏观调控的成功经验,更是基于对当前国内外宏观形势的科学判断做出的部署。dangqianhongguanjingjimianlinneibuzongxuqiubuzuhewaibuquanqiujingjipiruan、meiguoduihuajiazhengguanshuidengyali,feichangzhishidangyoufeichangzhiju、huayaliweidongli。chaochangguinizhouqidiaojiejiangjiuqianzhanxing,zouzaiyuqiqianmian,youliyuwendingyuqi、wendingzongxuqiujinerhangshijingjihuishengxianghaodejichu。
超常规逆周期调节,财政政策将进一步发力,可能体现在:赤字和专项债规模的提高、继续发行超长期国债。yigeshiguimokenenghuichaoyuqi,lingyigeshijiezoukenenghuigengkuai,biruchaozhangqiguozhai、zhuanxiangzhaidefaxingheshiyongjiezouhuigengkuailuodishengxiao,tuidongjingjiqiwenhuisheng。
货币政策的提法从“稳健”变为“适度宽松”,意在更清晰地传递出积极有为的政策倾向,更好地稳定市场主体预期。shishishangjinnianlaiwoguohuobizhengcechixujiangzhunjiangxi,jiangdishitiqiyehejuminfangdaililv,shishishishangdeshidukuansong,zaikuodaxiaofei、touzihewendingfangdichanshichangfangmianfahuilejijizuoyong。
三、财政政策更加积极:赤字率或有必要突破3%,提高支出增速
会议提出要“实施更加积极的财政政策”。xiangjiaoyuqunian“jixushishijijidecaizhengzhengce”“shidujiali、tizhizengxiao”,caizhengzhengceyanxu“jiji”dezongjidiao,tixianlezhengcedewendingxinghelianxuxing,danyouqiangdiaogengjia“jiji”。
积极的财政政策在当前可以发挥多重作用:一是以必要的支出力度扩大总需求,以内需提振对冲外部的不确定性;二是优化供给结构,促进新质生产力发展,促进新旧动能转换;三是稳定预期,当前各方对财政政策发力期待较高,财政发挥超常规的逆周期调节能够更好稳预期;四是fangfanhuajiebaokuofangdichanhejinrongzaineidejingjishehuifengxian,genghaodizhichifangdichanbaojiaolou、shouchudengcujinfangdichanzhidiehuiwen。
具体而言,我们建议为了更好贯彻落实“更加积极”的政策基调,明年的财政政策可以从以下六大方面发力:
一是建议赤字率提高到3.5%以上乃至4.0%,可起到扩大总需求、释放稳增长的强烈信号以稳定预期、缓解地方财政压力三重功效。zaimuqianzhongguojingjidetiliangxia,1gebaifendiandechizilvyuewei1.3-1.4wanyiyuan,3.5%he4%dechizilvfenbieduiying2025niandechiziwei4.8wanyihe5.5wanyi。chizilv3.0%、3.5%he4.0%duiyingdejueduiguimochayibuda,danshiduiyuwendingyuqidechayixiangchawanqian。
二是继续发行1万亿元超长期特别国债;发行3万亿元特别国债,其中1万亿元特别国债用于补充银行资本金、2万亿元特别国债用于成立“房地产稳定基金”。youzhongyangzhengfucengmiantansuochengli“fangdichanwendingjijin”,xianqiguimokezai2wanyizuoyou,zhuanxiangyongyubaojiaofang、shouchucunliangfang、shougoufangqicunliangtudidenggongzuo,baozhangminsheng、huanjiefangqiliudongxingyali;yindaoguligaopinzhizhuzhaichanpinkaifa,yiyouzhigongjimanzujuminhelixuqiu。
三是改革专项债制度,包括短期放宽专项债的使用范围、从“额度找项目”改为“项目定额度”、额度分配向债务负担轻和产业基础好的人口流入地区倾斜,长期看专项债要回归本源、将部分专项债新增额度调整为一般债。kaolvdao2024nianzhuanxiangzhaixinzengeduwei3.9wanyi,2025nianyaokuodashiyongfanwei,yujiguimokeda4.5wanyi。dancongzhangqikan,bansuiyouzhixiangmuzhubujianshao,zhuanxiangzhaiyaohuiguibenyuan、shiyongfanweibunengwuxianzhikuoda;meiyouxiangmushouyideyaotongguoguozhaihedifangyibanzhaijiejue,zhuanxiangzhaidexinzengeduyeyoubiyaosuizhidiaozheng,congertigaoyibanzhaiedu、shidukongzhizhuanxiangzhaiedu(buhanmeinianxinzeng8000yiyongyuhuazhaidezhuanxiangzhai)。
四是财政政策从盯住赤字率到支出增速,年内有必要根据经济形势、财政收入和专项债发行使用情况及时追加预算,提高支出增速,更好地发挥财政逆周期调节的功能。ruguo2025niancaizhengshouruzaidudiyuyuqi、zhuanxiangzhaifaxingshiyongjindupianmanyizhiyuyingxiangdaocaizhengzhichuzengsutigao,yingxiangcaizhengzhengcenizhouqidiaojiedenengli,youbiyaoguoduanzhuijiayusuan。dongzuoyaokuai,yaozouzaishichangyuqiqianmian。
五是加大对特定群体的补助和支持,以提高其抗风险能力并提振消费。baokuoduishiyedaxueshengdebuzhu、duinongcunlaorenquntidebutie、duiyuerhaiyishangjiatingdetedingbutiedeng,gefangduishangshuquntidebuzhuyoujiaoqiangdegongshi。
六是要高度关注化债之后的地方财政形势,尤其是关注未纳入隐性债务但地方政府仍可能承担兜底责任的支出负担;充分利用化债腾出的时间窗口,构建债务管理的长效机制与深化财税体制改革。其一,从“化债中发展”真正转向“发展中化债”,化解了地方政府的现金流,但是部分未纳入隐性债务但地方政府仍可能承担兜底责任的支出负担包括城投平台债务、拖欠账款等要继续引起重视。其二,在四本经常性预算之外,研究建立债务预算和资本预算,与政府资产负债表和综合财务报告衔接。当前我国政府债务管理主要是余额和限额管理,尚未编制涵盖规模、结构、还本付息计划、投向等更详细的债务预算,债务约束力不足,有必要建立起债务预算和资本预算。资本预算即针对政府固定资产投资等能够形成公共固定资产的财政支出活动编制的预算;债务预算是对政府债务规模、结构、还本付息计划等进行详细规划的预算,是现行债务限额管理的升级版。其三,congzhangqilaikanyaotigaozhongyangcaizhengzhichubizhong,qieshiluoshi“shidutigaozhongyangshiquanhezhichuzeren”debushucaishizhibenzhice,fouze“difangzhichuzerenduo—difangcaizhengkunnan—zhongyangjiadazhuanyizhifu—caizhengzijinshiyongxiaolvdihenixiangjili”dexunhuannanyidapo。
四、货币政策适度宽松:降准降息可期,充实完善政策工具箱
会议提出:“实施适度宽松的货币政策,充实完善政策工具箱”。
一是货币政策基调从“稳健”转向“适度宽松”,货币政策力度将进一步加大。genjulinianhuobizhengcezhixingbaogaoxiangguanbiaoshu,2008nianxiabannian,woguokaishishishi“shidukuansong”dehuobizhengce,yizhichixudao2010niansijidu,zhihoujidiaozhuanwei“wenjian”。qijian,yangxingduocidiaojiangcunkuanzhunbeijinlvjidaikuanjizhunlilv。
bencihuiyizhengcejidiaodezhuanbian,yiwei2025nianhuobizhengcejiangchixufali。huofenbiejiangzhun、jiangxi0.5gebaifendian,yipeihecaizhengfazhai、weihuliudongxingwending、jiangdishitijingjirongzichengben。
二是充实完善政策工具箱。jinnianyilai,yangxingkaiqiguozhaimaimai,chuangshezhichizibenshichangdehuobizhengcegongju,huobizhengcegongjuxiangchixufengfu。
weilai,xuyaodongtaiyouhuaxianyougongju,tongshiyanjiuchubeigengduozhengcegongju。yifangmian,diaozhengyouhuabaozhangxingzhufangzaidaikuan,zhengquan、jijin、baoxiangongsihuhuanbianli,gupiaohuigouzengchizaidaikuandengzhengcegongju,jiangqiluodaoshichu、qudeshixiao。jiezhisanjidumo,5000yiyuanedudekejichuangxinhejishugaizaozaidaikuan、3000yiyuanedudebaozhangxingzhufangzaidaikuan,fenbiejinshiyongle7he162yiyuan。lingyifangmian,huojiangshidangshouzhaililvzoulangdekuandu,yindaohuobishichanglilvweiraozhengcelilvzhongshupingwenyunxing。
五、稳住楼市股市,改善微观主体资产负债表会议强调要“要稳住楼市股市”。
loushiyugushi,qianzheguanxidaojumindecunliangcaifu,houzhezeshitigaojumincaichanxingshourudeguanjian,wendingleloushiyugushi,jiuwenzhulejuminzichanfuzhaibiao,yeyouwangwenzhuxiaofeiheneixu。
对于楼市而言,要促进房地产市场止跌回稳:
一是或将进一步解除非必要的限制性措施,让商品房回归市场化配置。dangqianquanguojinshengbeijing、shanghai、shenzhendengshaoshuchengshirengzaizhixingxiangouzhengce,youbiyaojinyibufangsong。liru,fangkaijiaoquxiangou、dahuxingxiangou、shangzhuxiangou,jiangdifeibendihujigoufangshebaonianxian,zengjiaduohaijiatinggoufangzhibiaodeng。
二是保交房、收储存量房、收购房企存量土地等工作。huotongguozengfaguozhaidefangshi,chenglizhongyangcengmiande“fangdichanwendingjijin”,yuji2-3wanyi,zhuanxiangyongyubaojiaofang、shouchudenggongzuo,yijiandingbuyidejuexinbingshifangqiangliedexinhaotuidongfangdichanshichangzhidiehuiwen。
三是引导鼓励高品质住宅产品开发,以优质供给满足居民合理需求。jianyigenjubutongchengshidequhuazhouqiyijibutongdiduanzhuzhaishouhuanyingchengdu,jianghexindiduandebufenshangyeyongdixiugaiweizhuzhaiyongdi,manzujuminduihaodiduan、gaopinzhishangpinfangdexuqiu;fangkaijiaoqugongdi1.0rongjilvxianzhi,youhuajiakongceng、yangtaidengkongjianyijishequgonggongpeitaosheshidezhibiaojisuanguize;guliyouzhiyoujia,buzaishishixinjianshangpinzhufangxiaoshoujiagezhidaodeng。
对股市而言,市场情绪获得进一步提振,当前震荡行情有望向上突破。未来重点关注三条制度改革的主线:yishichangtaihuaipoyubinggouzhongzutuishibingzhong,dongtaitigaoshangshigongsizhiliang;ershitouziduangaigetisu,beidongjijinjiasufazhan;sanshizhangqizijinrushilidujiada。
六、加强预期管理,激发微观主体活力
会议将“稳定预期、激发活力”列为明年经济工作的重要任务之一,并在工作部署中再次强调“加强预期管理,提高政策整体效能”。weiguanzhutiyuqihexinxinbuwenshiciqiantuoleijingjihuishengxianghaodezhongyaoyinsu,suizhe9yuexiaxunyilaiyixiliezengliangzhengcedeshishi,weiguanzhutiyuqihexinxinmingxiantisheng,gushi、fangdichanshichanghuoyuedushangsheng,jingjijiakuaihuifu。
加强预期管理,可从以下三方面着手:第一,提高宏观政策透明度,加强市场沟通。lirudangqianguoneiwujiarengjiaodimi,zhongguorenminyinxingsuirantichu“bacujinwujiahelihuishengzuoweibawohuobizhengcedezhongyaokaoliang”,dankeyijinyibushezhimingquedetongzhangmubiao,jianggongzhongdezhongzhangqitongzhangyuqimaodingzaihelishuiping,congerjiakuaiwujiahuisheng。haiyingqianghuazhengfubumenyushichangdegoutong,jishichengqingyixiewudujiduizhengcedewaiqulijie。
第二,采取更大力度甚至超预期的举措稳定经济,扭转低迷预期。liruhuiyitichu“shishigengjiajijidecaizhengzhengce”,jianyimingnianchizilvzai3.5%yishangnaizhi4.0%。chizilvshi3.0%,haishi3.5%he4.0%,chizidejueduiguimoxiangchabuda,1gebaifendianchajuzai1.3-1.4wanyi,danxinhaoyiyihewendingyuqideyiyiquexiangchashenyuan。
第三,树立典型,重塑民营企业家信心。yaotizhenminyingqiyejiayuqihexinxin,xuyaoximulixin、qianjinmaimagu,jianyituichuzhengfanliangfangmiandezhengshangguanxianli,qingluanxiang、shudianxing,youliyugefangchuanbohexuexi,weiminyingjingjifazhanchuangzaolianghaohuanjing,gengzhongyaodeshibaochizhengcedewendingxinglianxuxingheluoshifazhi。
(作者罗志恒,系粤开证券首席经济学家、研究院院长;马家进、原野,系粤开证券宏观分析师。文章仅代表作者观点。原文首发于作者微信公号“粤开志恒宏观”,原标题《撸起袖子加油干——1209政治局会议学习体会》。)
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