记者丨闫桂花

duanduanshurikuaisutongguo，erqiehaishiyidaoqiede“yijinlezhi”——aodaliyazhengfu11yueditongguoyixiangfalv，jinzhi16suiyixiaqingshaonianshiyongshejiaomeiti。shuodao“yijinlezhi”，wangwanghuilianxiangqiguanliaozhuyideduoxing、taobizerendeqingxiang、duikexueguilvdemoshi，yijikenengdailaidefanxiaoguodengdeng，danweishenme，dangwomentandaojinyanjindu，jiubuhuiyouzheimeduodefumianlianxiangchansheng，fanerhuijiangqishiweiliguolimindebiyaojucuo？

wentijiuzaiyuweihaidechengdu——shifeichangyanzhong、keburonghuan，haishikeyixuxutuzhi？yiji，butongjianguanmoshi（rubujianguanhuozheqingjianguan）dejieguo——shifoukeyidachengmubiao，haishihuidailaiyiliaozhiwaidehouguo？

congzheilianggejiaodulaizhankaifenxi，keyihuidayanxiazhongguolaishuoyigefeichangzhongyaodewenti——womenshifouyingdangxiaofangaodaliya，duiqingshaoniandeshejiaomeitishiyongjinxingqiangjianguan？daanshikendingde。

aodaliyazhengfude《2024wangluoanquanxiuzhengan》congtijiaodaocanyiyuanhezhongyiyuanxiangjitongguo，zhenggelifaguochengyongshijinyizhou，kanchengshensu；danshijishangzaicizhiqianduonian，aodaliya，yijimeiguo、faguodengduoguojiuyijingjiucijinxingguodaliangyanjiuhezixun、shenyi，bingduishejiaomeitideweihaijibendachenglegongshi。gaiantongguoqian，aodaliyayixiangdiaoyanxianshi，77%derenzhichizheiyijinling。

duoxiangyanjiubiaoming，shejiaomeitiyinfadepanbihebuqieshijideqiwang，huidaozhiyiyuhejiaolv，duiweichengnianren，youqishinvxing，houguoyouweiyanzhong；shejiaomeitidejiangshangjizhiyehuiyoufayonghuchengyin，daozhiduobaanguoshancheyiyangjizenghexiaohao，dailaidizizun、kongxu、gudu，xianshishenghuodehuobanjiaowangjianshaodengdeng；gengzhongyaodeshi，shejiaomeitihepingmunimingxingzhuzhanglewangluoqiling，daozhishehuipaichi、yaoyanchuanboherenshengongji，yixiehaiziyinciersangming。

womenshenghuozaiyigequanqiuqingshaonianxinlizhuangkuangkanyoudeshidai。meiguoshehuixinlixuejiaqiaonasen·haite（jonathan haidt）zhuyidaolezheiyiwenti，yujinnianchuntianchubanleyibenmingwei《jiaolvdeyidai》（the anxious generation）deshu，haochengyao“weiyongshiyongdaiderenleiduohuirenleishengming”。weicitacong2019nian2yuekaishifabuyifen，muqianyishoujilaiziduogeguojiahediqude384xiangxiangguanyanjiu。congzheixieyanjiuzhong，tafaxian，2010nianshiqingshaonianyiyu、jiaolvkaishijizengdeguanjianjiedian，qizhongzaimeiguo，jiezhi2020niandeyixiangdiaoyanxianshi，12-17suideqingshaonianguoquzhishaojingliguoyicizhongduyiyufazuo（major depressive episode）debili，nvxingzaiguoqushinianzengjiale145%，nanhaizhengtishuipinggengdi，danzengsugengkuai，dadao161%。lingyixiangyanjiuzexianshi，meiguo10-14suiertongzishabili、yinzicanbeishouzhijizhenshidebili，yezai2010nianhoukuaisushangzhang，jiezhi2020nian，zishabilinvhaishangzhangle167%，nanhaizengjiale91%；zicanbili，nvhaizengfushi188%，nanhaizengfu48%。leisideqingkuangyechuxianzaiaodaliya、jianadayijibeiouguojia。

zheigeguanjiande2010nian，yushejiaomeitikaishiliuxingdeshijianzhenghaowenhe。2000niandai，gaosukuandaikuaisupuji；2007nian，iphoneshoujimianshi，dailailechaobingdushishejiaomeitixinshidai；2009nian，dianzan、zhuanfahefenxianganniuchuxianbingzhujianchengweishejiaomeitidehexingongneng，conggenbenshanggaibianlewangluoshijiedeshejiaodongtai，jiangshejiaomeiticongdanchundeshejiaogongjuzhuanbianweiyizhongfankuiqudongdexitong，jishihehuixiangfankuijizhi（feedback and reinforcement loops）xueruolezhenshihudongdeyiyi，tongshisuanfaqudongdetuijianjizhifangdalefumianqingxu，rufennu、kongjuhechouhen。

dangran，xiangguanbingbudengyuyinguo。haiteyeyishidaolezheigewenti。duici，takaochaleqitakenengdeyuanyin，rujingjizhuangkuang、yishixingtaidebianhua，qihouweijidengdeng，danfaxian，wulunnagehuonayixiezuhedouhennanduiqingshaoniandexinlizhuangkuangchanshengrucizhongdadeyingxiang。zai《jiaolvdeyidai》li，taxiedao，1980niandaiyiqian，tongnianshiyoulechanglidemaoxianheyouyi，shidaziranlidebenpaohetansuo，danzaishejiaomeitishidai，tamendetianxingbeiyibubumomie，bianchengleduozaibeiwolidingzhepingmudeyidai。

shishishang，shenjingxuejia、xinlixuejiayezaoyicongshenglicengmian，jinggaogenshejiaomeitixiangguandesuanfahehuixiangfankuiduirenyouqishiweichengnianrendanaodesunshang。beixuanweiniujindaxuechubanshe2024nianduciyude“naofu”(brainrot)yici，yijingxingxiangzhanshilehulianwangyidaizaisuosui、huangdan、haowuyiyidewangluoxunishijiechenmi，yuzhenshishijiegeli，gudu、zhuyilihuansanyijixinzhiruohuadezhuangtai——xiangbimeigerendouduoshaotiyanguozhongyucongpingmushangnakaiyanjinghouneizhongturanerzhidekongxu、mangrande“jieduan”fanying。

duidanaorengweifayuwanquandeqingshaonianlaishuo，zheizhongweihaiyoushen。mali·k. siwengeer（mari k. swingle）shimeiguozhumingdelinchuangxinliyishiheshenjingzhiliaoshi，jiyu20niandelinchuangheyanjiujingyan，tazai《jiechi：shouji、diannao、youxiheshejiaomeitiruhegaibianwomendedanao、xingweiyujinhua》yishuzhongtidaolechenmiwangluokenengjidanaodailaidezhenqiedebianhua：yingxiangqingshaoniandanaodekuangehui、fugehe、wenzhuangtidengjiangshangxiangguannaoqudezhengchanggongneng，duixiangyingdejiangshangxinxichulicunzaiyichang，daozhiqianeyeyuhaimatihexieqianyedegongnenglianjiejianruo，daozhirenzhigongnengshousun，yijijianshaoqingshaoniandekoudaihuihuizhimidudengdeng。

dangran，bingbushisuoyouzhuanjiadourenkehaitedepanduan。youxuezhezhuanmenzhenduihaitetidaode300duoxiangyanjiuyiyixiangcha，renweiqizhonghenduocunzaishujuwentihuozhetongjifangshicuowu。duici，aodaliyayixiangzhengfuwenjianyetidao，guanyushejiaomeitideyingxiangkenenghuiyouguobiechayi，jixuchengshudekuaguoshujudegongxiang。

yeyourenfanbo，shejiaomeitihuoxujihaizimendailailehuoduohuoshaodeshanghai，dantongshi，tayefahuilehenduojijidezuoyong，biru，weinianqingrenyouqishibianyuanrenquntigongyigezhichixingshequdeng。

zheijiuyinchulediergewenti：butongdejianguanmoshifenbiehuidailaishenmeyangdejieguo？nazhongzuofazuizhongshouyizuida？

aodaliyazhengfuzaitongguo《2024wangluoanquanxiuzhengan》zhiqian，cengjingjisuanguoshouyihechengbendequanheng。tamenduixiangguanliyifang（qingshaonian、jiazhang、shejiaomeitigongsi）deyingxiangjinxinglezonghepinggu，dechuleduimeigezhengcexuanxiangdejingxiaoyipingfen，faxian，ruoweichixianzhuang，jingxiaoyijiangwei-5，qingshaonianhejiazhangshouhaijiaoda；ruosheding16suizuidinianlingxianzhi，jingxiaoyiweiling，qingshaonianhejiazhangjiangshoudaodezhengmianxiaoyingyushejiaomeitigongsiheyonghudedaodefumianxiaoyingzhenghaodixiao。

qiangliefandui16suiyixiaweichengnianrenshiyongshejiaomeitibingzaibuyiyulituidongguohuilifadehaite，weiraoyouguantadezhiyi，rucifanbodao：juecezheyinggaikaolvpasikadeduzhu（pascal’s wager）——tingcongjinggaojishicuowu，sunshixiaoqiekeni；hushijinggaoruocuowu，daijiajudaqienanyinizhuan。huanjuhuashuo，yexushejiaomeitideweihaibingmeiyoufeichangda，danzaikenengdejudadefengxianmianqian，caiquxingdong，yongyuanyaobizuoshibuligenghao。

zai《jiaolvdeyidai》kaipianzhong，haitedalegejingmiaodebiyu：jiashenidehaizibeixuanding，jiarudiyigeyongjiuxingdehuoxingrenleidingjudian，haizixihuantaikong，jiashangtasuoyoudepengyoudoubaomingle，suoyizaiwuxunitongyideqingkuangxiayecanjialezheigerenwu。zheigedingjudianxuyaohaizimen，yinweitamenbichengrengengnengshiyinghuoxingshangdeteshutiaojian，youqishidizhonglihuanjing。ruguohaizimenzaihuoxingshangjingliqingchunqiheshengzhangtuzeng，tamendeshentijiangyongjiushiyinghuoxingdehuanjing，tamenyeyongyuanbuhuifanhuidiqiu。nihuiyuanyima？dangranbuhui，yinweinihuikaolvhuoxingshangdefushe、dizhonglidengduihaizishentihexinlideqianzaiweihai。shejiaomeitijiuleisihuoxing，tongyangquefabaohucuoshi、tongyangxuyaofuchushiyinghuanjingdedaijia，yijitongyangmianlinjiazhangnanyijianguandejingdi，weishenmewomenjiuyinggaifangrenhaizimenzaizheigexunide“huoxing”shangmanyou？

xiangbixifangguojia，zhongguoduiqingshaonianhulianwangdeguanliyinggaisuanshibijiaozaoyexiangduiyange，biruguidingwangluopingtaiqiyebunengweibuman16suiweichengnianrentigongwangluozhibofuwu；pingtaixuyaotigongweichengnianrenmoshi，fenlingtuijianneirong、yinzangweichengnianrendiliweizhi；weijingxuexiaoyunxu，weichengnianxueshengbudejiangshoujidengzhinengzhongduanchanpindairuketang；yiji，“suoyouwangluoyouxiqiyejinkezaizhouwu、zhouliu、zhourihefadingjiejiarimeiri20shizhi21shixiangweichengnianrentigong1xiaoshiwangluoyouxifuwu，qitashijianjunbudeyirenhexingshixiangweichengnianrentigongwangluoyouxifuwu”dengdeng。

zheibeizuoweizhichengzhongguowuxucaiqugengduojianguanxingdongdelunjuzhiyi。ranershishishi，muqiandejianguanyuanyuanbugou。biru，《xianyuweichengnianrenwangluoxiaofeidiaoyanbaogao》wenjuandiaoyanxianshi，shiyongguoqingshaonianmoshideweichengnianrenzhanbihaibudaoyiban，gengzhongyaodeshi，ruguonidakaiqingshaonianmoshi，huifaxianlimiandeneirongbujindandiao、fawei，youxieshenzhixiandedizhi，qiezongtishuliangyouxian。

zhongguoxuyaocaiquxingdonghaiyoulianggegengzhongyaodeyuanyin，yishizhongguoweichengnianrenshangwangbiliquanqiujushou，qiezhongguowangluoyingyongchangjingduo，yeweiqingshaonianshiyonggezhongshejiaomeititigonglejihui；ershizaizhongguochengxiangfazhanshiheng、cunzaidaliangliudongertongdedabeijingxia，shoujiheyouxiyijingchenglehenduoxiangduiluohoudexianxiangdiqudehaizimendediyipeihuzhe。

shide，henduowangluowentidegenyuanzaiyushehui——zhenggeshehuidouzaijiasu，womenyeduiziji、duihaizishijialeyuelaiyuegaodeqiwang，wulunshigongzuohaishixueye，neijuanyichengweichangtai，yuelaiyueyuanzihuadejiatingjiegouxia，haizimendeshenghuoriqubeiguhuayuxuexiaohejiating，quefafengfudekewaishenghuohepeibandengdeng。zheixiedoushishenke、zhangyuandeshehuiwenti，duanshijiankongpahennandedaojiejue。

qiayinruci，jianguandebiyaoxinggengjiatuxian。dangfumuyaomebeikunzai“996“degongzuorichang，yaomexianyujingxiyuer、muzhichengfa，wanquanrangjiazhanglaichengdanpingmujianguandezerenjibuxianshi、yebuyouhao。

haiyouguandianrenwei，weichengnianrenyeyoucanyushuzifazhandequanli，chengnianrenwuquanboduo。zhengrubeijingqingshaonianfalvyuanzhuyuyanjiuzhongxinzhurentonglihuazaicaixinshangkanwensuoyan，“chengnianrenwangwangxiangdangrandirenwei，weilehaizidefuzhi，keyijuedingshenzhizhuzaihaizideyiqie。qishizaizheigeguochengzhong，chengnianrenshehuifuchudedaijiawangwangjiushieshalehaizidelingxingyijichuangzaoli，erlingxingyijichuangzaolizairengongzhinengshidaiqiaqiashirenleishehuizuibaoguide，shirenyuzhinengrenzuibenzhidequbie。” danshuzifazhan，buyidingfeiyaoyilaishejiaopingtai，zhishaobushixianxingzheizhongyishandongqingxu，yiliuliangyinglidemoshixiadeshejiaopingtai。shijishang，zaiaodaliyadezhengcezhongjiupaichuleyoutube、messenger kids、whatsapp、ertongbangzhurexianhegugeketangdengjiankanghejiaoyufuwu。

genghekuang，shuzimeijie，zhendekeyicujinhaizidechuangzaolima？mali·k. siwengeerdeguanchazhidewomenshensi。tazai《jiechi》yishulitidao，guodushiyongshuzimeijiehuixianzhujiangdiαnaobodehuoyuedu，dangzheixienaobohuodongjianshaoshi，kenenghuiduidanaodechuangzaoxingsiweihezhuanzhulizaochengfumianyingxiang。

当然，一刀切的禁止措施，到底能起到多大作用还很难说。澳大利亚政府给了平台一年时间，让它们开发技术，阻止16岁以下未成年人开设账号。在这个过程中还会有无数的问题涌现出来，如何确保隐私，如何验证年龄信息，如何收集，谁来收集等等。但至少，这一法案释放出了一个强有力的信号，即不会任由未成年人在毫无安全保证的情况下在火星上漫游。当这个信号发出，至少可以引发更全面、深入的讨论，至少可以争取到一个相对安全的期限，让平台打好“安全补丁”，让成年人尽可能地修补好让无数未成年人陷入抑郁、焦虑的破碎的角落，比如打造适合青少年活动的场域，培养孩子的数字素养，为需要关爱的留守儿童和进城务工儿童，以及遭受家庭暴力或者校园欺凌的孩子，提供适当的服务和法律保障，等等。就像全球的禁烟共识也经历了漫长的波折、克服了大量经济利益和社会观念的阻力方得以达成，数字时代的青少年保护buhuiyicuerjiu，danzhishao，aodaliyabanbendeshejiaomeitijinlingjiangshiyicijijidechangshihetupo。