文丨武冰聪

 

43suishi，mayanganjuezijiderenshengjinrulepingjingqi。benshuobodoubiyeyu985daxuedeta，zaibeijingyijiaxiaoyibucuodechubanshegongzuoleshiduonian。tayijingzuodaolezhenggaojibianshen，yehuodeguochubanjiedezuigaorongyu——zhongguochubanzhengfujiang。zaizhuanyegangweigongzuoleduoniandeta，yinwuyizouxingzhengshengqiantongdao，laobianshendeshenghuoshitayiyankeyiwangdaotoudeweilai。tayibiangongzuo，yibianzaizhigongduzhongguorenmindaxueguoxueyuansixiangshifangxiangdeboshi，xiangzuoyixiezijiganxingqudeyanjiu。nadaolishixueboshixueweihou，mayanyelianxiguoyixiegaoxiao，danxianshiwentishi，35suishidangshihenduogaoxiaokongquegangweishezhidenianlingmenjian。erjishiyouyixiegangweiduiyunianlingmeiyouhenyangedexianding，xiangzhehaidexiang“qingjiao”yiyangdapin，zaijiaoxuehekeyanshangdaliangfuchu，tongshimianlinzheshangkenan、fabiaolunwennanjifeishengjizoudengwenti，mayanyouxiewangerquebu。tajuedingdaoguowaitansuoyixiaxunqiujiaozhidejihui。

xunzhezhuanyeguanxing，tazuichukaolvledongyayanjiu、yishushi、guojiyuyanjiaoyudengfangxiang。ranerjiyuanqiaohe，tawudawuzhuangzhuanruleyigehenshaorenzhidaodezhuanye——yanyuyuyanbinglixue（speech-language pathology）。zheigekeyibangzhugeleiyouyanyuhuoyuyangoutongzhangaiderenshikangfuhuogaishanshenghuopinzhidezhuanye，rangmayanchanshenglejudadexingqu。

zhishenfumeihou，mayanzailiangnianbanshijianliwanchenglezijidiergeboshixueweidexuexi，ranhouzaiyanyuyuyuyanbinglixuezhuanyededaxuejiaozhigangweizuolesinianduodeyanjiuhejiaoxuegongzuo。muqiantazaimeiguopududaxuecongshikouchi、zengqiangyufuzhugoutongyijiertongyuyanzhangaiyanjiu，bingjiangyanjiuduixiangzhuyaosuodingzaizhongwenshequn。mayanshuo，zhongwenquntizhong，youyanyuheyuyangoutongzhangaiderenshujuda，erxiangguandeyanjiuquefeichangshao。

 

越洋冒险

“neigeshihouwoduiweilaibingbushitebieqingchu。”huiyiqiqinianqianzhishenfumeidejueding，mayanganjue43suizhihouderenshengjiuxiangyiciyueyangmaoxian，duiyuxiayibuhuifashengshenmexinlibingmeiyoudi。bijingtazaiguoneisuoxuejiqiyanjiuzhuyaojizhongzaixianqinzhexuederujia、daojiayijizajiasixiang，tadeboshilunwenyanjiudeshi《lvshichunqiu》。fangqibeirenyanxiandewendinggongzuo，fangqijinershiniandebianjizhiye，bingbaqizihehaiziliuzaibeijing，dequexuyaohendajuexinheyongqi。buguo，dangshizaigaoxiaogongzuodeqizijiyuletahendadezhichi。

jinrumoshengdeguojia，yongyingwenjinxingxuexiheyurenjiaoliu，duiyumayanlaishuoshiyigejudadetiaozhan。yikaishitazongshiduozaizhongguopengyoudequanzili，dantazhujianfaxianzheiyangtaobixiaqu，yingyukouyudetingshuonenglibujinfantui。tajuedingzuochugaibian。tongguopengyoudejieshao，zhaodaoleyimingtuixiudegaozhonglaoshizuozijidekouyuzhidao。tamenmeizhouxiangyuejianmian，yiliaojiushijigexiaoshi。zheiyizhaojianxiaohenkuai。maichulejiaoliudeshushiquzhihou，tadeyingyutingshuonenglixunsutisheng。 

youyuyijingzaiguoneijieshouguoboshijieduandejiaoyuxunlian，mayanhenkuaishiyinglezaimeiguodushu、zuoyanjiudeshenghuo。duboshidiernian，mayanjiukaishijiyanyuyuyanbinglixuezhuanyedebenkeshengshangke。congbeikedaoshouke，tajinyibutigaolezijideyuyannengli。

“youyudafuduzhuanzhuanye，woyiqiedoudecongtoukaishixueqi。genqitatongxuexiangbi，gangkaishizuozaiyanyuyuyanbinglixuezhuanyedeboshikeshang，wohaoxianghaishiyigexiaoxuesheng。yiqietingqilaidouneimexinxian”。huiyiqigangzhuandaozheigezhuanyeshihoudeqingjing，mayanganjuehuangruogeshi。

zuoweiyimenkangfuxueke，yanyuyuyanbinglixuezhiliyujiejueneixieyinweixiantianfazhanxingzhangaihuohoutianhuodexingzhangaieryougoutongderenshidejiaoliujixuexifangmiandekunnan。rangmayanjingyadeshi，zheigezhuanyedeboshizaimeiguofeichangxique，meinianquanmeidayuezhinengpeiyangchu140mingboshi。zheiyidianyeweitaweilaimouqugaoxiaojiaozhidaxialehenhaodejichu。

mayanjieshao，yanyuyuyanbinglixuezuizaoqiyuanyuyanyujiaozheng,zhuyaoshijiaozhengyougouyinzhangaihuozhekouchidehaizi。jingguoshangbainiandefazhan，zheigezhuanyepeiyangdezhuanjiabeichengweiyanyuyuyanbinglixuejia,huojianchengyanyuzhiliaoshi，zhuyaozaixuexiao、yiyuan、kangfujigouhuozheyanglaojigougongzuo，duiyubutongnianlingduankenengchuxiandeyanyu、yuyanhuozhetunyanzhangaijinxingkangfuganyu。meiguomuqiandayueyou22wanjingguomeiguoyanyuyuyantinglixuehuizhiyezigerenzhengdeyanyuzhiliaoshizaigeleijigouzhiye。

xiangbizhixia，zhongguodeyanyuyuyanbinglixuezhuanyehaichuyuganggangqibujieduan。shaolianggaoxiaokaishelezheigezhuanye，danquanguomuqianshangmeiyouyanyuyuyanzhiliaoshidejiaoyuyurenzhengtixi。mayanrenwei，zheigezhuanyeweilaizaizhongguodeqianjinghuijiweiguangkuo。“meiyizhongjiaoliuzhangaizaishijiegedideliuxingbinglvdouchabuduo。zhongguoyouhendaderenkoujishu，xiangduieryan，meiyizhongjiaoliuzhangaizaizhongguodouyoufeichangdaderenqun。yikouchideliuxingbinglv1%weili，keyigusuanguangzhongguojiuyou1400wanrenkouchi”。jinjinian，tabuduanxiangyouzhiyuqiuxuedepengyoutuijianzheigezhuanye，yiqinengjiweilaizhongguoyanyuyuyanbinglixuezhuanyedefazhandaxiagenghaodejichu。tahaizhuanmenkailezimeitipindaotuiguangzheigezhuanye。

jinruyanyubinglixuelingyuzhihou，kouchiyanjiuchenglemayandezhuyaoyanjiulingyuzhiyi。jinjiniantafabiaodelunwenjizhongyanjiuduiyukouchidetaiduhewuminghua，kouchizhedeshenghuojingyandeng。tahaizhiliyuxiangzhongwenshequnyinjinguojiguangweishiyongdekouchizhenduanliangbiao，yiweiguoneiriyifazhandeyanyuzhiliaoshiduiwutigongjingguoxunzhengyanjiudezhenduangongju。zheiyiliangbiaoyijingkaishibeiguoneideyanyuzhiliaoshishiyong。

 

被污名化的群体

kouchizhequntihenda，danyouyubingfeizhongdajibing，kouchiduiyukouchizhedeyingxiangwangwangbeirenhulve。baidengzuoweimeiguoyoushiyilaidiyiweiyoukouchidezongtong，nianqingshijiucengyinweikouchierzaoyudaobushaoqishihechaoxiao。mayanshuo，kouchiquntizaixuduocengmianheqitarenmeishenmechayi，danshijishangquebeifulehenduowuminghuadezhongdan。zaijiuye、shoujiaoyushi，ruguonizaibierenmianqianbiaoxianchukouchi，kenenghuishoudaochengfa，biruwufahuodegongzuojihui、beirenchaoxiao。yushi，henduokouchizhewufajienazijikouchizheigeshishi，ershixiangjinbanfayinzangzijidekouchi。zheigeguochenghentongku，yinweiyigerenbunengzhenzhengzuoziji，yaoxiangjinbanfalaizheyanzijideshijizhuangtai。

raner，judangqiandekexueyanjiuchengguolaikan，zuoweishenjingfayufangmiandeyizhonggetichayi，kouchibenshenshimeifazhiyude。yushi，kouchirenqunmianduiliangnankunjing，henduorendeshenghuopinzhibujia。mayanguanchadao，youqishizaiguonei，zhiyaochengweihebierenbuyiyangderen，jiuyaofuchudaijia。mayanguanxinshehuihuaxinliyijigetideshengmingtiyan，taxuanzelekouchiweizhutiquzuowenhuayanjiu。

mayanshuo，kouchizaimeiguoyouxingzhiyouniandeganyufangshi。youyigechuantongdefangfajiaozuoliuchangsuzaofa，jiushijiaoyixiejiqiao，rangkouchizheshuodegengliuliyixie。shiduonianqianzheixiefangfahenliuxing，yeyizhiyanyong。taliuxingdeyuanyinshi，shehuishanghekouchizhedouxiwangbuyaokouchi。zheizhongganyufangfa，benzhishangshizaiqiangdiaokouchishiyigecuowu。

muqianzheigegainianzaimeiguoshoudaoyuelaiyueduorendedizhi，baokuoyanyubinglixuezhuanyedexuezheheyixiecongyezhe。yinweizheigefangshishijishangyoufumianxiaoguo，huirangkouchizhezaiyudaozhenshideshenghuochangjingdeshihouganshoudaoyali，kouchihuigenglihai。

mayanbiaoshi，xianzaimeiguoduiganyufanganyouyigezhuanxiang，buzaiqiangdiaogengliuchang，ershiquchangdaogengqingsongdekouchi。zheizhongmoshiruguobandaoguonei，jiuxuyaogaosukouchizhejienaziwo。zheizhongrenzhishangdeganyuxuyaoziwojieshikouchi，duiyuzhongguodekouchizhelaijianghenkunnan。kouchizheziwojienadubugao、shehuijienadubugao，zheizhongrenzhishangdegaibianbushitongguoliaoyiliaojiukeyizuodaode。dangxiantiandekouchishoudaoshehuiwenhuayinsudeyingxiang，ganyudefangfayehuiyousuobutong。yimayanweidaibiaodexuezheguanzhuzaizhongwenyujingxia，zenmenenggouzhenzhengyouxiaodequjizheixiekouchizhedailaizhengmianyingxiang。zaitigaobiaodaliuchangduherenzhiganyuzhijianxunzhaopinghengdian。

youyuduiyukouchideqishihewuminghuapianjianjiaoweipubian，kouchizhesuochengshoudelaiziyushehuideyalifeichangda。jumayanlejie，youshizhengyanjiubiaoming，kouchikenenghuizaochengzisha、yiyudengqingkuang。zaizhongguo，kouchizheyinganshoudao“shehuixingchengfa”eryanshengchulaidewentizhengzaiyemanshengzhang。

mayanshuo，guoneiyouhenduodekouchijiaozhengjigou，shijishangqueshiyixiemeiyoushouguozhuanyexunlianderen，huozhekouchizhebenrenkaibande。zheixiejigouwangwanghuijixueyuanchengnuo，birujigeyuejiukeyizhihaokouchi。danzheixiexuexiaodehenduolinianhefangfadoushiwudao，bingbunengchanshengjijidexiaoguo。mayanjieshicheng，shizhengyanjiuyijingbiaoming，kouchizuoweiyizhongshenjingfayudechayi，hennanbeigenchu。yigehaizizaiwuliusuiyihoukouchishangweiziyudehua，zhongshengdouhuibansuiyoukouchi。zheixiegenzhikouchidechengnuowangwangzhishiliyonglekouchizhejiyubaituokouchidexinlizhuanqianbale。

zheixiepeixunbandezhiliaofangshitongchanghaishiliuchangsuzaofa，lirubayijuhuashuodegengman，shiyongtingdun，jianshaokouchidejilv。zaijiaozhengbandehuanjingxiabiaoxianhuihaohenduo，danshishishangkouchizhedejiaolvhaishicunzai，daoshehuishangburongyishiyongzheixiejiqiaoshi，jiumeiyouxiaoguole，zhinengrangkouzhichizhezaihualeyuanwangqianhou，jinyibuxianruziwohuaiyizhong。

mayanmuqianzhenghezaimeiguodetongxingtansuozhenduizhongguokouchiquntixingzhiyouxiaodeganyufangfa，bingtongshizhiliyugaibianshehuiduiyukouchidewuminghuarenzhi，rangkouchizhekeyidedaogengduozhichi，jianshaokouchiduiyutamenshenghuodefumianyingxiang。

mayandelingyigeyanjiulingyuzejujiaoyujishuyuyingyong。zaimeiguo，zhenduiyuyanyouzhangaidequntifuzhuxing/tidaixinggoutongshebeiyiyouhenduoyingyong，danzhongguohaibutaipuji。mayanrenwei，zaiweilaitajiangpeishigengduoren。birudajiashuzhideyijingqushidekexuejiahuojincenghuanyoujiandongzheng。tadejirouzhubuweisuo，yundongshenjingxitongzhujiansangshigongneng。tasuoshiyongdeaacshebeijiucengbangzhutazaizhubusangshiyanyuheyundongshenjinggongnengdeguochengzhongyirankeyiyongtidaixingdeshurufangshi，biruswitchhuozheyankongshebeilaiwanchenggoutonghexiezuo。

mayanguanchadao，yanyubinglixuezhuanyecunzaihendadejiuyequekou，gaoxiaoyexiwangpeiyangxiangguanrencai。wulunzaimeiguo，haishizhongguo，zheigezhuanyedeqianjingdoufeichanghao。zaimeiguo，zuozheigezhuanyedezhongguoxueshenghelaoshishuliangzhengzaizengjia，danrengbugouduo。zaimeiguocongyedezhongwengongzuozhe，dagaiyejiushijibairen，daduodoushijinshinianquwangmeiguoxuexide。“xianzaiyijingyouleyigehenhaodekaishi，wojuede，yaocongmeiguoxianxuedaoyixiedongxi，zaitongguoyanjiuhuikuizhongwenshequn。”

 

——完——

本文作者武冰聪，界面新闻记者。
题图由受访者提供。