2020nian6yue23ri，youshanghaibaoyejituanshujiemianxinwenzhuban、fudandaxuefanhaiguojijinrongxueyuandujiaxueshuzhichi、bosidengzhanlvehezuode【jiemianzibenluntan】yuxianshangjuban。shanghaizhengquanjiaoyisuozibenshichangyanjiusuosuozhang、fudandaxuefanhaiguojijinrongxueyuanjinrongxuekezuojiaoshoushidonghuifabiaozhuzhiyanjiang《zhongguozibenshichangsanshinianyuzhucezhixinzhengcheng》，chanshuletaduizhongguozibenshichangfazhanyugaigedezuixinsikao。

tabiaoshi，sanshinianlai，yituojingjigaosuzengzhang、chongyudenishangshiziyuan、pangdadetouzizheduiwu，zhongguozibenshichangzaishichangguimofazhan、jingjigongnengwanshanyuguojizonghejingzhenglifangmianqudezhangzujinbu。

jinnianlai，suizhegongjicejiegouxinggaigetuijin，jingjifazhanzhuanrugaozhiliangfazhanxinjieduan。tarenwei，yizibenshichangweizhudezhijiejinrongtixi，nenggouweijingjixindongnengpeiyu、chuangxinchanyefazhantigonggengyouxiao、gengjuzhenduixingdejinrongzhichi，zheiyechengweizibenshichangshenhuagaigedezuidadongli。

zhanzaizibenshichang30nianfazhanlishideguanjianjiedianshang，suizhekechuangbanchixufazhanyuzhucezhizaichuangyebanzhongtuijin，zhongjiejigouzhize、touzizhejiegou、tuishijizhiyuxingzhengzhifadengyizhengtaozhidutixiyouwangzaijianjinshigaigezhongzhubuwanshan，yigeguifan、touming、kaifang、youhuoli、yourenxingdeduocengcizibenshichangzhongjiangdaolai。

以下为施东辉在【界面资本论坛】上演讲实录：

shidonghui：feichanggaoxingcanjiajiemianzibenluntan。zhenghaoshizaiyinianqian，kechuangbanzaidishiyijielujiazuiluntanshangzhengshijiepai，jinnianyeshizhongguozibenshichangchengli30zhounian，woxiangzaizhongguojinrongfazhanhegaigedezheigezhongyaolishijiedianshang，hedajiayiqilaihuiguzibenshichang30niandefazhanjincheng，fenxikechuangbanjinyinianlaidezhiduchuangxin，zhanwangzhongguozibenshichangdeweilaigaigezhilu，jinxingxiangguandefenxi、tantao，shiyijianfeichangyouxianshiyiyideshiqing。wojintiangendajiajiaoliudetimushi《zhongguozibenshichangsanshinianyuzhucezhixinzhengcheng》。

shouxian，hedajiahuiguhejiandanjieshaoyixiazhongguozibenshichang30niandefazhanchengjiu。zhongguozibenshichangdefazhan，shigaigekaifangdechanwu，jiezhuyuzhongguojingjidegaosuzengzhang，chongyudeguoneinishangshiziyuan，yijipangdadetouzizhequnti，zhongguozibenshichangzai30nianzhongqudelelishixingdetupohekuayueshidefazhan。

zhongguozibenshichangdefazhanshouxiantixianzaishichangguimodexunsuzengzhangshang。zuobianzheigetushiquanqiuzhuyaozhengquanjiaoyisuodeshizhidebijiao，youbianshitamenjiaoyijinedebijiao。keyikandao，shanghaiheshenzhenlianggezhengquanjiaoyisuodeshizhipaiming，jibenshangyijingchuyuquanqiuzhuyaozibenshichangdeqianlie，shanghaimuqianshipaizaidisiwei，shenzhenpaizaidiqiwei。ruguobalianggejiaoyisuoshizhijiaqilaidehua，zhongguozibenshichangmuqianshishijinciyumeiguodequanqiudierdazibenshichang。lingyifangmian，congjiaoyijinelaikan，shanghaizhengquanjiaoyisuoheshenzhenzhengquanjiaoyisuozaiquanqiuzhuyaojiaoyisuozhongyeshiweijuqianliede。keyishuo，zhongguozibenshichangyijingchengweiquanqiuguimozuida、zuijushichangfushelidexinxingshichang。

congshichanggongnenglaikan，zhongguozibenshichangyeshichuyuriyiwanshandeguochengzhong。zhongguozibenshichangshiyinshehuizhuyishichangjingjitizhigaigeneizaixuqiuerchansheng，qifazhanyoujinyibutuidongleshichangjingjitizhigaigedeshenhua。zibenshichangzaizhongguozhenggeshehui、zhenggejingjijinronggaigedabeijingxiadejingjigongneng，womenfenchengyixiajigefangmianlaikan：

yishicujinleshehuizhuyishichangjingjitizhigaigedeshenhua。zibenshichangdefazhandailaileshixiangongyouzhidefengfuxingshi，yewanshanleqiyedezhilijiegou，tongshiweiguoyouzichandeguanlitigongleyigexindepingtai。guoqudeguoyouzichanguanlimoshi，baokuoguoyouzichandezhuanrang，henduodoushiyijingzichandejiagelaizhuanrang。youlezibenshichangyihou，jiuyouleshichanghuadedingjiajizhiheshichanghuadejiaoyijiage，duiyuguoyouzichanguanlieryanshiyigefeichangdadetupo。

ershicujinleshitijingjiyoukuaiyouhaodefazhan。guoqu30nianlai，zibenshichangtongguofaxinggupiaogongchouziyue13wanyi，zheixiezijinzhuruleshitijingji，zhurulegexinggeyedeqiye，weizhongguojingjifazhantigongleyigefeichangzhongyaodedongli。

sanshituidonglechuangxinchuangyelangchaodexingqi。tebieshi2009nianchuangyebandetuichuhequniankechuangbandechuangli，wanshanlezhongguozhenggechuangyechuangxintourongzitixideshengtaixitong。zaizheilianggeshichangdezhutuixia，zhenggezhongguodadishangchuangxinchuangyedelangchaopengboxingqi，zibenshichangweichuangyetouzidetuichu、dingjiatigonglechangtongbianlidequdao。

sishizengqianglezhongguojinrongtixidezhengtikangfengxiannengli。cong2007nianhe2008nianshi，zhongguodeguoyouyinxingxingqileshangyehuagaizhidelangchao，zaiciguochengzhongzibenshichangtigongleqiangdadezhuli。cihou，daliangshangyeyinxing，baoxiangongsihezhengquangongsifenfenfaxingshangshi，zhuangdalezibenshili，tigaolejinrongtixizhengtikangfengxiandenengli。

wushiweijumintigongleyigepeizhicaifudezhongyaoqudao。tongguojumintouzilicaidexingqi，shichangjingjideyixiejibengainian，rufengxianzifu、chengshishouxin，yijishichanghuadingjiadeliniandengzaizhenggeshehuidedaolechongfendechuanbo。

guimofazhanhegongnengwanshandailailezhongguozibenshichangzonghejingzhenglidetigao。wosuozaideyanjiusuo，zuijinduiquanqiuzhuyaozibenshichangdejingzhenglizhuangkuangjinxinglepinggu，womencongshichangfazhandezhiduhuanjing、shichangguimo、shichanggongneng，yijishichangyunxingzhiliangzheisigecengmian，shejile25gebutongfenleidepingjiazhibiao，duiquanqiu26gezhuyaozibenshichangdezonghejingzhenglijinxinglepinggu。congpingjiajieguolaikan，zhongguozibenshichangmeigeweidudejingzhenglipaimingdoushichuyudisideweizhi，qiansanweishiyixiebijiaolaopaidezibenshichang，xiangmeiguo、yingguo、aodaliya。suoyishuozhongguozibenshichangyijingjinrulequanqiuzibenshichangdiertiduidelingtouyangweizhi。

jinrongxueshangguoquershinianyougefeichangremendeyanjiulingyujiaozuo“fahejinrong”：zhuyaodeguandianjiushirenweishixingputongfadeguojiahediqu，nenggouduitouzizheliyinengjinxinggenghaodebaohu，suoyizheixieguojiadezibenshichangfazhandegenghao。womenzheigezonghejingzhenglidepingjia，dagaiyeyinzhenglezheiyangyigeguandian，yinweipaizaiqianmiandesangeshichangdouzaishixingputongfaxideguojia。zhongguoshishixingdalufaxideguojia，ruguozhongguodezibenshichangzaiweilainengdedaogengkuai、genghaodefazhan，zonghejingzhengnenglinengyuejugengqianliedeweizhi，neimezaixueshushang，jiuxuyaozhongxintantao“fahejinrong”dezheigeguandian，suoyizheishiyigefeichangyouyisidewenti。

zhengrugangcaisuoyan，zhongguozibenshichangfazhanzuidadedonglilaiyuanyuzhongguojingjidegaosufazhan。huidaozhongguojingjibenshen，guoqu20duonianwomendefazhanzhuyaofenchengzheiyanglianggejieduan，diyigejieduanshicong1997niandao2007niandeshinianhuafen。1997nianshiyazhoujinrongweijifashengdenianfen，cong1997niankaishi，zhongguojingjizuidadedonglijiushiyituoyurenkouhongli，jiashang2001nianjiaruwtohoudailaidequanqiuhuahongli，zheishidezhongguodechanyexunsudirongrulequanqiuchanyeliandefengongtixi。zhengshijiezhulaodongrenkouhonglihequanqiuhuazheilianggehongli，zhongguojingjizaizheishinianneishixianlegaosufazhan。

diergeshiniancong2008niankaishidao2018nian。dajiazhidao2008nianyouyouyichangjinrongweiji——meiguocidaiweijidefasheng。zheishinianzhongzhongguojingjizengzhangdedonglishikaojinrongzhouqilaituidongde，yejiushishuoyifangdichanshichangzuoweixinyongkuozhangdezaiti，diejialechengzhenhuafazhandefangshi，yituoyuzhenggefangdichanchanyelianshangchanyehuadejijufengong，dailaizhongguojingjidiergeshiniandegaosuzengzhang。zaizheidiergeshiniandangzhong，suizhehulianwanghedianzishangwudejueqi，zhongguoxiaofeifangshiyefashenglefeichangdadebiange，xiaofeizaizhenggezhongguojingjizengzhangzhongqidezuoyongyuelaiyueda。

dangran，kaojinrongzhouqituidongdekuaisufazhan，zaihoumianyechanshengleyixiliedewenti。dajiazhidaofangdichandefazhan、chengzhenhuadekuozhang、kaogudingtouziqudongdezengzhang，zuihoudailaileliangdawenti：yigejiushichannengguosheng；lingwaiyigejiushiqiyebumenhedifangzhengfugangganlvdegaosukuozhang，jinerdailaizhenggeguojiahongguangangganlvdegaoqi。zaizheiyangdeqingkuangxia，qianjinianzhenggejingjizhengcejinrule“shitiquchanneng，jinrongquganggan”dediaozhengjieduan，zhongguojingjifazhanyeconggaosuzengzhangzhuanrugaozhiliangfazhandexinjieduan。

weilaishinian，zhongguojingjikaoshenmelilianglaituidongni？zhumingdejingjixuejiaxiongbitejiangguozheiyangyijuhua：chuangxinshijingjifazhandegenbenyaosu，yeshitupopingyongdejingjifazhandegenbendongli。congquanqiugegeguojiadefazhanlaikan，yaoyueguosuoweizhongdengshouruxianjing、yaoshijingjizengzhangkuaruxinjieduan，zuihoubiranxuyaocongyilaiyuchuantongdeyaosutouru，jinruyigechuangxinqudongdejieduan，tongguozibenyaosudeyouhuapeizhilaihuodexindefazhandongli。suoyiweilaideshinianhuozheershinian，zhongguojingjiyaojinruyigepeiyuxindejingjizengzhanggongnenghechuangxinqudongdefazhanjieduan。

chuangxinchanyedefazhanbiranxuyaoxindejinrongtixi、xindejinrongfuwuyuyizhicheng。zhongguochuantongdejinrongtixi，shiyigefeichangxianzhudeyiyinxingweijueduizhudaodejinrongtixi。zuijindeyigeshujuxianshi，zhongguosuoyoujinrongjigoudezichanzongeshi333wanyirenminbi，yinxingzaizhei333wanyidezichanguimodangzhongsuozhanbizhongwei90.7%，zhenggezhengquanyejigouzhandezichanbizhongshi2.7%，lingwaishengxiade6.6%guishuyubaoxianyejigou。xianran，zhenggezhongguojinrongtixishiyinxingjueduizhudaodetixi，qitezhengbiaoxianweigaochuxulv、lilvhezibenguanzhidengjinrongyizhidexianxiangjiaoweipubian。zheizhongjinrongtixitebieshihezhongdaxiangmu，huozheyixiechengshuchanyedefazhan。danduiyuyixiefengxianbijiaoda、buquedingxingbijiaogao、qingzichanyunyingdechuangxinchanye，chuantongdejianjiejinrongtixikenenghennantigongyouxiaodejinrongfuwu，yinweijianjiejinrongtixirongzixuyaodiya，haixuyaogezhongdanbao，wanquanbushihechuangxinchanyedefazhan。

xiangfan，yizibenshichangweizhudezhijiejinrongtixi，quenengweizheixiechuangxinchanyefazhantigonggengyouxiaolv、gengyouzhenduixingdejinrongzhichihefuwu。dajialiuxindehuakeyikandao，jinliangniangezhongzhongdadejingjijinronghuiyihexiangguanzhengcedoubazibenshichangdefazhantidaoleyigefeichanggaodegaodu。birushuozaiqianniandezhongyangjingjigongzuohuiyishang，jiumingquezhichuzibenshichangzaijinrongyunxingzhongjuyouqianyifaerdongquanshendezuoyong，yaodazaoguifan、touming、kaifangyouhuoli、yourenxingdezibenshichang。shanggeyuezhaokaideguowuyuanjinrongweidi25cihuiyiyetidaoyaofahuizibenshichangdeshuniuzuoyong，buduanqianghuajichuxingzhidujianshe，jianjuedajigezhongcaiwuzaojiaheqizhadexingwei，fangsonghequxiaobushiyingshichangfazhandegezhongguanzhi，tishengshichanghuoyuedu。kejian，zaimuqianxinjiudongnengzhuanhuan、niquanqiuhuasichaobuduanfanqideguoneiheguojibeijingxia，zibenshichangdefazhanbeitidaoleyigefeichanggaodegaodu。

gangcaiconghongguancengmianhuigulezhongguozibenshichangguoqu30nianqudedejudachengjiu，danshicongzhongguanhuozheweiguanshanglaikan，dajiaduizibenshichanghaiyouhenduobumanyidedifang。biruduihenduotouzizhelaishuo，zaizibenshichangshangyinglifeichangkunnan，touzihenduonianbuzhuanqian；duiqiye，tebieshihenduozhongxiaoqiyelaishuo，zaizibenshichangshangjinxingrongzifeichangkunnan；duidangzhongyangheguowuyuanlaishuo，zibenshichangdefazhanlitamentichudeyaoqiuhaiyouxiangdangdadejuli。suoyicongzhongguanheweiguandegetiganshoushanglaijiang，zibenshichanghaiyouxuduoxianzhubuzu，womenzongjiechengsidawenti。

diyigewentishishichangduixinjingjiqiyedebaorongxingbugou。yuanyoudefaxingshangshitiaojiandoushiweichuantongchanyehechengshuchanyeshezhide，birushuoyiqianwomenyaoqiuqiyebixuyouyingli，yaoqiucaiwuqianjinglianghao，zheiyangbijiaonengquedingtadetouzijiazhi，suoyiguoqu30nianjiubayidapixinjingjiqiyedoudangzailewomenguoneizibenshichangdemenwai。congzuichudemenhu，daohoulaideyouxi、shejiao、dianshang、sousuo、shipin，zaidaoxianzainianqingrenxihuanwandeerciyuanwenhuadengdengzheixiechuangxinchanye，quanbubeidangzailezhongguozibenshichangmenwai，shidetamenbudebuyuanduzhongyangdaonasidake、daoxianggangxunqiushangshi，youcikeyikanchuguoneizibenshichangduixinjingjiqiyedebaorongxingfeichangbugoude。

qianbujiu，meitibaokuoyeneidouzaiyilun，shuoshangzhengzhishuzenmeyizhishi3000dian，biaoxianbuhao。dangranzheigezhishuyoutabianzhishangdeyuanyin，biruanzongshizhijiaquandeng，dangengdadeyuanyinhaishitadexingyejiegou，zhenggeshichangmeiyounengjishilingmindifanyingjingjijiegoudebianhua。shixiangyixia，ruguobaali、tengxun、jingdongdengjiangjinshiwanyishizhidexinjingjiqiyejiadaoxianyouzhishulidehua，zhenggezhishudebiaoxiankendinghuidadabutong。

diergezhuyaowentishishichangdedingjiaxiaolvxiangduijiaodi。dajiazhidaoguoneishichangshiyigesanhushuliangfeichangjuda、canyudufeichangguangfandeshichang，sanhujiaoyiliangzhandaozhenggeshichangjiaoyiliangde80%yishang。zuoweigerentouzizhe，zhuanyezhishi、nengli、fengxianguanlideyishihejingyan，yujigouxiangbixiangduibuzu。womenzhongguodechuantongwenhua，yebushijiangjiuhenjingquedeluojiyanyi，ershigengjiazhuzhongyihuidesiwei，suoyizhenggeshichangdetoujixingxiangduibijiaoqiang，shichangdedingjiaxiaolvxiangduijiaodi。

disangedawentishishichangduanqixing、feilixingdeyinsujiaoduo，daozhizhenggeshichangbodongjuda。womenjingchangshuoniuduanxiongzhang，niushizongshihenduanzande，xiongshixiangduilaishuobijiaomanzhang，daozhitouzizheyinglibijiaokunnan。

disigedawentishishichangchengxinyishiyoudaijiaqiang。tebieshizuijinyiliangnianlai，gezhongzhongdacaiwuzaojia、qizhadeanlilvyoufasheng，shichangdechengxinwenhua、falvjichu、gezhongzhiduhuanjinghaiyoudaijinyibujiaqiang。

zheixiewentishencengcidegenyuan，huozheshuozhengjiedaodizainali？yourenshuokenengshishichanghuachengdubugou，gezhongguize、xianzhiquanbufangkai，shichangziranhuijiejuezheixiewenti。haiyourencongjingjixueshangchanquanxuepaideguandianlaijiang，renweiduitouzizheliyibaohubugou，suoyishichangchuxianlegezhongluanxiang。danshijishang，zuoweirenleilishishanggaocengjideshichangjingjizhidu，bingmeiyouyigedanyideyinsujiunengjuedingzibenshichangdefazhan。

guanyuzhongguojingjidefazhanyoufeichangduojingyandezongjie，anzhaoxueshujiedefenxijiushipeiyuleyigeyouxiaodeshichang，zaijiashangyouweidezhengfu，zheiliangzhedejiehejiushizhongguojingjifazhandejingyan。yizheigejingyanlaiduizhao，zhongguozibenshichangchuxiandewenti，qiaqiashiyinweiwuxiaodeshichangjiashang“youwei”dezhengfu。shouxian，zibenshichangbushihenyouxiao。congxuqiufanglaikan，touzizhejiegoubuheli，zhenggeshichangxuqiufangshihenbuchengshude；conggongjifanglaikan，zhongjiejigouchuzaishichangdezuiqianxian，zaifalvyueshuheshengyuyueshuxia，zhongjiejigouliyingfahuikanmenrendezuoyong，danzaimuqiantongzhihuajingzhengbijiaoyanzhongdeqingkuangxia，zhongjiejigoudekanmenrenjizhihaimeiyoufeichanghaodifahuizuoyong，zhongjiedeheguiyishi、zhiyeshuiping，haixuyaoyoufeichangdadetigao。congshangshiqiyedejiaodulaikan，yinweishichangfeilixingdedingjiaguzhi，daozhishangshigongsidagudongdexingweiyehuifashengyihua。birushuoyigezhengchangqiyedeguzhikenengshi20bei，danshishichangfeilixingdedingjiayoushidadao200beideshuiping，zaizheizhongqingkuangxia，dagudongdexingweihenrongyijiufashengyihua。xuqiufangdebuchengshu，jiashanggongyingfangjiliheyueshujizhibupingheng，shidezhenggeshichangxiaolvyoudaitigao。lingyifangmian，jianguanjigoudengzhengfubumenshizuidadezhidugongyingfang，danjianguanjigouzaiduomubiaodezhengcejuezexia，wangwangshiguodu“youwei”，gucishibi，jingchangshimangzhebanyanjiuhuoduiyuandejiaose。youcikejian，womenzhongguojingjifazhandejingyan，youxiaodeshichangjiayouweidezhengfu，zaizibenshichangshangmeiyouhenhaoditixianchulai，suoyicaidailailewomenqianmianjiangdezheixiewenti。

zaizheizhongqingkuangxia，zhongguozibenshichangdegaigezhiludaodizenmezou？womenjingchangshuozoushichanghuagaigezhilu，manmandikaoshichangzifadeliliang，zuihoukenenghuifazhandaobijiaochengshudedibu。danshizaizheigeguochengdangzhong，zhenggeshehui、meitiduigaigejinchengzhongchuxianwentidebaorongxingherennaixingdoushiyouyidingxiandude，qijianshichangkenengchuxiandedongdang、touzizheliyideboyidengdouhuiyinfaxuduowenti，suoyizheizhongxiukeshide、wanquanshichanghuadegaigelujingshibuheshide。zaizheiyangyizhongqingkuangxia，womenxuanzeleyitiaojianjinshidegaigelujing，yejiushizhongguojingjigaigejingyanzhongsuoweidezenglianggaige：xinshezengliangshichang，tongguozengliangshichangdegaigelaituidongcunliangshichangdegaige。

kechuangbandeshelihezhiduchuangxinjiucaiyonglezenglianggaigedesilu，tadanfuzheliangdashiming：yishijiejuezibenshichangduixinjingjiqiyebaorongzhichibuzudewenti，yindaoziyuan、zijinxiangguojiazhongdianzhichidexingyehezhongdianlingyujiju，weitamentigonggengyouzhenduixing、gengyouxiaodejinrongzhichihefuwu；ershiwanshanzhenggezibenshichangdejichuzhidu，kechuangbanshiyikuaigaigedeshiyantian，jieheguojizuijiadeshijianhezhongguoshichangdeshijijingyan，womenshejilecongfaxing、shangshi、jiaoyi、jianguanbaokuotuishidengyixiliedezhidutixi，zaikechuangbanshichangxianxingxianshi，zongjiejingyanhouzaiyizhidaocunliangshichangshang。dajiayekeyikandao，zaikechuangbanjiangjintuichuyizhouniandeshihou，chuangyebandezhucezhigaigeyeyijingzhengshikaizhan。

guanyuzhucezhigaige，shehuigejieheyeneiyouzhuduoyilun，womenyejiedaolegezhonggeyangdefankuihejianyi。youguandianrenwei，shangjiaosuokechuangbanjiranshixingzhucezhile，jiuyinggaishendesong、shendekuai、shendeshao。haiyouguandianrenweijiranshishixingzhucezhi，qiyejiandanzhuceyixiajiukeyile。kejian，zhenggeshehuiduidaodixuyaoshenmeyangdezhucezhifenqihaishibijiaoda。woxiangzhucezhihehezhunzhihuozheyiqiandeshenpizhixiangbidehua，zuidade、benzhishangdequbiejiushiduiqiyefaxinggupiaoquanliguanniandezhuanbian。zaichuantonghezhunzhi，huozheshenpizhideqingkuangxia，gupiaofaxingshiyixiangxingzhengxukequan，qiyeyidingyaotongguoxingzhengzhuguanjigoudeshenpicaikeyifaxinggupiao，erzaizhucezhidefalvlinianxia，qiyefaxinggupiaoshitianranjiuyinggaixiangyoudequanli，zhibuguoyouyuzibenshichangxinxibuduichengxingtebieda，tongshiyoushejidaogongzhongtouzizhedeliyi，suoyizhucezhixiaqiyeyaogongkaifaxingdehua，haixuyaoxingzhengjigouduixiangguanxinxipilujinxingyigeshenhe，zhiyaozhenshizhunquewanzhengdipilulexiangguanxinxi，zhuguanjigoujiubunengduiyingliqianjing、caiwuzhuangkuangzheixieyinsujinxingshizhixingpanduan，congerfoujuefaxingshangshishenqing。

jiyuzheizhonglinian，jinnian3yue1rishixingdexin《zhengquanfa》，jiuduigupiaofaxingdetiaojianzuolexiangyingdexiuding。yuanyoude《zhengquanfa》zhonggupiaofaxingtiaojiandiertiao，yaoqiugongsijuyouchixuyinglinengli、caiwuzhuangkuanglianghao。xianran，duiqiyedefaxingshangshishenqing，shenmejiaojuyouchixudeyinglinengli？shenmejiaocaiwuzhuangkuanglianghao？neijiuxuyaoshenherenyuanjinxingshizhixingdepanduan。jinnianshixingdexin《zhengquanfa》，duizheiyitiaojianjinxinglejianhua，xiudingwei“juyouchixujingyingnengli”，zheiyiweizhexingzhengzhuguanjigoubuxuyaoduifaxingqiyedeyinglinenglihecaiwuzhuangkuangjinxingshizhixingdepanduan，buyinglideqiyeyekeyijinxingfaxingshangshi，congerdadazengjialeshichangdebaorongxing。tongshi，xin《zhengquanfa》jiang“sanniancaiwuhuijiwenjianwuxujiajizai，wuqitazhongdaweifaxingwei”zheiyifaxingtiaojianxiudingwei“zuijinsanniancaiwuhuijibaogaobeichujulewubaoliuyijiandeshenjibaogao”，zheishiyigefeichangmingque、feichangtouminghua、yeshijuyouhenqiangcaozuoxingdebiaoshu。keyishuo，zhucezhizuidadeshizhigaibianjiushizaifalvshangduiyuqiyefaxinggupiaoquanliguanniandezhuanbian。

zhucezhizaifaxingshenhedelinianshangyeyoufeichangdadegaibian。womenzaishenheqiyefaxingshangshishenqingshikenengmianlinzheliangzhongqingkuang，yizhongqingkuangshihaodeqiyebeinijujuezaimenwaile，lingyizhongqingkuangshichadeqiyebeifangjinleshichang。zhucezhihehezhunzhi，zaizheiliangleiwentishangyoubutongdecezhong，hezhunzhidelinianshi“ningyuancuoshayiqian，yebufangguoyige”，ningyuanbagezhonggeyangdeqiyejuzhimenwai，yebunengbahuaideqiyefangdaolimianlai；zhucezhizeganghaoxiangfan，ningyuanmaozhebayixiechadeqiyefangjinshichangdefengxian，yeyidingbunengcuoguohaodeqiye，zheiyejiushizhucezhifaxingshenhezhongzuizhongyaodelinian，zheishiyigedalangtaoshadeguocheng，bahaodeqiyetongguoshichangjizhichongfendishaixuanchulai。

meiguoxueshujiezuoguoyigeyanjiu，tamentongjilecong1926niandao2015nianjiangjin90niannei，zaizhenggemeiguozibenshichangfaxingshangshidejiangjin26000jiaqiye，faxianjinyouyue10000jiachuangzaolezhengdejiazhi，zhanbi40%，qiyu15000yujiadouhuimielejiazhi、zhanbi60%。yuzhibutong，zi1990nianqizaiagushichangshangshijiaoyide3735jiagongsizhong，you2993jiagongsishichuangzaojiazhide、zhanbi80%，jin742jiagongsishihuimiejiazhide、zhanbiyue20%。ciwai，meiguogushibudao300jiaqiye（zhanbi1%zuoyou）chuangzaolequanbudejiazhi，erzhongguogushiqian19%degongsichuangzaolezhenggeshichangdejiazhi，jizhongduyuanyuandiyumeigushichang。zhongmeishichangzaifashenzhidufangmiandechayi，shixingchengzheiyijieguodezhongyaoyuanyin。agushichangyangedefashenzhidujiangdaduoshuzhidikanyoudeshangshigongsilanzailezibenshichangzhiwai，danlingyifangmianyeguojujuelexuduokenengchengjiuweidadegongsi。

neime，guoneigushidezhucezhishifounengcaiyongmeiguodefangshiyibudaoweini？birushuomeiguojibenmeiyoushezhifaxingtiaojian。shijishang，womenrenweigaodushichanghuadezhucezhixuyaoyixiliedepeitaozhidutixilaiyuyizhichi，yinweishichangjingjijiushiyixiliepeitaozhidudejihe，yigeshichangjingjizhidubiranxuyaolingyigeshichangjingjizhidulaizhichi，zhucezhiyeshiruci。wanquanshichanghuadezhucezhixuyaoyixiepeitaohezhichitiaojian，birushuoguiweijinzhidezhongjiejigou、guifanchengshudejigoutouzizhe、changtongbianlidetuishiqudao，zuihouhaiyouyaoyouyijiudaodidesusongjizhihexingzhengzhifalidu，zheixietiaojianzanshihaimeiyouwanquanjubei。

birushuoguiweijinzhidezhongjiejigou，yinweizhongjiejigouchuzaishichangyixian，rutouxing、huijishishiwusuo、lvshishiwusuodengxiangduigengweishuxifaxingqiye，neimejiuxuyaotamengenghaodifahuikanmenrendezuoyong。danjiumuqianqingkuanglaikan，zhongjiejigoudefaguiyishihezhiyeshuipinghaiyouhendadetigaokongjian，zheigepeitaotiaojiankenenghaimeiyouwanquanchengshu。lingwai，muqianzhenggejigoutouzizheliliangyehaixiangduiboruo，zaishichangzhongdedingjiayinlingzuoyong、fengxianguanligongnengshangmeiyoudedaochongfenfahui，jigoutouzizhecaiqudegudongjijizhuyijucuoyexiangduijiaoshao。disandianshichangtongbianlidetuishiqudao，dajiayiwangyilunyebijiaoduo，zhongguogushizhijinbuchu，meiyouchongfenfahuiyoushenglietaidegongneng，danzuijintuishijizhizuolefeichangdadegaige，zheiyifangmianwomenzhengzaimanmanxiangchengshushichangdeshijiankaolong。

suoyizaixianzaizheigeqingkuangxia，haishibunengcaiquyibudaoweidegaodushichanghuadezhucezhi，ershixuyaoyigejianjinhuadelujing。zaizheigejianjinhuadelujingzhishang，muqianxuyaoshixianyixiajigemubiao：yishifaxingshichanghua，gupiaodefaxingshuliang、faxingjiage、faxingjiezoudouyoushichanglaijueding；ershijianli、yindao、guifanyukechuangbanzhenggeshengtaitixixiangpeitaodeguize、zhidu、zhiyin，zheishijianjinhuagaigedezhongyaoneirong；sanshizaifaxingshenhedelinianshangyaogexin，muqianwomendefaxingshenhegongzuozhuyaoshiyaoquebaoshangshigongsixinxipiludezhenshixing，danyucitongshishibushihaiyaobahaogongsizhiliangguan，jinliangquebaoshangshigongsidetouzijiazhini？wanquanshichanghuadezhucezhishibuguanzhiliangguande，shangshigongsizhiliangguan、rukouguanshiwanquanjiaojishichang，jiaojizhongjiejigoulaibaguan。danzaijianjinhuadelujingdangzhong，womenxianzaihaichuyuzheilianggelinianzhongjianguodudejieduan，faxingshenhehaishiyaojianguzheilianggemubiao。

jutieryan，dangqianjieduanfaxingshenhedezhongdiangongzuobaokuosangefangmian，keyigaikuocheng：yige “qiang”，yige “ruo”，yige “yan”。

diyige“qiang”，jiushiyaoqianghuaduixinxipiludeshenhe。zhucezhibushishendesongle，huozhebushenle，zhucezhiduixinxipilurengranshiyaoyangeshenhede。jiunaxianzaizuiremendetesilalaijiang，2010nian1yuefenzaimeiguodijiaoshangshishenqingdeshihou，meiguozhengjianhuiqianhougongjinxinglebalunshenhewenxunhefankui，xiangguanfengxianpilu、guanlicengtaolunfenxidengneirongzaizhenggezhaogushuomingshuzhandaolejiangjinyibandepianfu。qianghuaxinxipilu，jiushiyaoqianghuashenheduitouzizhepanduangongsitouzijiazhiyouyongdexinxi，erbushishuoshendesong，shenzhigancuijiubushenle。

dierge“ruo”，jiushiyaoruohuaduigongsizhiliangdepanduan。zhucezhihexinjiushiyaobaxuanzequanjiaojishichang，duigongsidezhiliang、touzijiazhi、fazhanqianjing，womenyaojinliangruohuaduitadeshizhixingpanduan，jinliangmanmanjiaojishichanglaijinxingshaixuan。

disange“yan”，shiyaoyangeduicaiwudehechaheweiguichufa。yaobacaiwudexianchanghechagenfaxingshenhejieheqilai，muqianzhenggeshehuidechengxinhuanjing、chengxinyishihaiyoudaitigao，suoyifaxingshenheguochengdangzhong，jingchangxuyaoduixinxipiluyouzhongdaxiacideqiyejinxingxianchanghecha，xianchanghechademudejiushishibiexinxipiluzhongshibushiyouzhongdadeyilou，youwudaoxingdechenshu，shenzhiyouxujiadejizai，yidanfaxianjiuyaoduixiangguanzerenrenjinxingyansuchufa。

kechuangbanshidianzhucezhidaoxianzaizhenghaoyouyiniandeshijian，congyunxingqingkuanglaikanjibenshangfuheyuqi，qudelefeichanghaodeshichangchengxiao。yixiebiaoganxingde、yinlingxingdeqiye，xiangjizaikechuangbanfaxingshangshi，chanyejijuxiaoyingchubuxingcheng。zuijin，kechuangbanxiangguandegaigeliangdianbuduanchuxian，keyigaikuozheiyangjigedian。

yishizaifaxingshenheyunxingjinyiniandejingyanjichushangtuichu“faxingshenhe2.0”，qizhongdezhongdianchengwei“yigebubian”he“sigebianhua”： “yigebubian”jiushiyixinxipiluweihexinbubian；“sigebianhua”shizaifaxingshenhedeshihouyaogengjingzhun、genggaoxiao、gengwushi、gengxietong，yaoduipanduanqiyetouzijiazhiyouyongdexinxijinxingshenhe，erbushigaotihaizhanshu，yebushigaomianzewenxun，jiqiyezengjiabubiyaodexinxipiluchengben。tongshi，yaoyouhuashenheliucheng，tigaoshenhexiaolv，fangkuangezhongyinxingshangshimenjian，congerweiqiyedefaxingshangshitigonggengjiagaoxiaodefuwu。

ershizaijutideqiyeleixingshang，kechuangbanyijingyouleyoukedeshoujiashuangzhongguquanjiagoudeqiye，haiyoushoujiahongchouhuiguiqiye——huarunweidianzi，zhongxinguojiyejijiangshanghui；shoujiafaxingcdrdeqiyejiuhaojiqirenyezhengshitijiaoleshenqing；kechuangbanshoudanfaxinggufenshougouzhongdaxiangmudezichanzhongzuyeyijingtongguo，zheiyianlidetedianshibujingguozhengjianhuizhongzuweideshenhe，ershizaitongguojiaoyisuoshenhezhihou，daozhengjianhuilvxingzhucechengxu，zheiyangdadajianhualezichanzhongzushenheliucheng，suoduangongzuozhouqi，shiqiyenenggougenghaodizhenghexiangguanziyuan，zuodazuoqiang。

bixurenshidao，zibenshichanggaigeshiyixiangfuzadeshichangjingjizhidugaige，bushimouyixiangdandudegaigejiukeyijiandaochengxiaode，ershijuyouzhengtixingdetezheng。zaixuqiufangdepeiyufangmian，xuyaozhuajinxiyingeleijigoutouzizherushi，xingchengyigeduoyuanhua、duocengci、xianghujingzhengdejigoutouzizheduiwu，zengjiashichangshenduheguangdu。zaigongyingfangfangmian，xuyaozhezhongjianlijiliyueshuxiangpinghengdejizhi。birukechuangbandequanshanggentouzhidu，jiunengshidequanshangzaishaixuan、dingjia、fudaoqiyeshangshiguochengdangzhong，nengshixianjiliheyueshuxiangyizhi。zaizhiducengmian，xuyaozhenzhengluoshifaxingshangshizhucezhi，yangetuishizhidu，dalituidongjiaoyitouzi、chanpinchuangxin，jiadatouzirenbaohulidu。tongguozheixiegaige，jiunenggenghaodibazhenggeshichangdeyouxiaoyunxinghegenjianguanzhidudejijiyouweijieheqilai，genghaodituidongshichangjiankangwendingfazhan。

zhanzaizhongguozibenshichang30nianfazhanzheiyilishiguanjiandianshang，yikechuangbanshidianzhucezhigaigeweitupokou，zhongguozibenshichangdezhengtixinggaigeyijingmairuxinjieduan，yebijiangchuangzaoxindechengjiu。

jintianyudajiajiaoliudejiushizheiyangyixieneirong，xiexiedajia！