按：meiguofanduotaiquanrenshijinbanshijiyilaidekangzhengmubiaozhongyujijiangshixianle。riqian，meiguozuigaofayuanjiu“duobusisujiekexunnvxingjiankangan”（dobbs v. jackson women’s health）fabiaodeduoshupanjueshucaoanzaodaoxielu。gaianshiguanmixixibizhoutuichudehuaiyun15zhouduotaijinling，ergaijinlingyu1973nianmeiguozuigaofayuandui“luoyisuweidean”（roe v. wade）zuochudepanjueshixiangdichude。meiguomeitiquanwenkanfalezheifenyoudafaguansaimouer·alituo（samuel aliito）qicaodewenjian，wenjianxianshizuigaofayuanyouyituifan“luoyisuweidean”yiji“jihuashengyuxiehuisukaixian”（planned parenthood v. casey）。alituozaiduoshupanjueshucaoanzhongcheng，zuigaofayuanjiangbacaijueduotaiquandequanli“haiji”gezhou，“luoyiancongyikaishijiucuodelipu。”jumeiguomeitibaodao，siweibaoshoupaidafaguanzantongzheiyipanjue，tamenshikelalunsi·tuomasi（clarence thomas）、nier·gesaqi（neil gorsuch）、buleite·kawanuo（brett kavanaugh）heaimi·baleite（amy barrett），sanweiziyoupaidafaguanzhengzaiqicaoyiyishu，shouxifaguanyuehan·luoboci（john roberts）rengweibiaotai。

deyipianpinglunzhichu，zuigaofayuandepanjueyijianbeitiqianxieludeqingkuangxiangdanghanjian，yincixianzaihaibunengwanquanquedingzheifencaoanshifouhuichengweixianshi。ranerzhidezhuyideshi，zheifenduoshupanjueshushiyoualituoqicaode——zijinruzuigaofayuanyilaitayizhishiduotaiquandeqiangyingfanduipai，youtalaizhuanxieduoshupanjueshuzhishaozaililunshangzhengmingleyouwumingdafaguanzhichimixixibizhouduotaijinling，naizhizhichituifanluoyian。gaipinglunrenwei，rujinweiyidewentishi，wuweibaoshoupaidafaguanshifouhuizaixiongyongdeminyimianqiantuisuo，danjianyubaoshoupaizhenyingzhongdesanwei（gesaqi、kawanuohebaleite）shiyouyiweifashiyaotuifan“luoyisuweidean”dezongtongrenmingde，zheiyikenengxingsihuxiangdangmiaomang。eryidanzuigaofayuanzuochuzheiyicaijue，meiguonvxingdeshentizizhuquanjiujiangmianlinjidadeweixie。，“luoyisuweidean”ruobeituifan，21gezhouhuojianglikejinzhihuoxianzhuxueruoduotaiquan。

duiyumeiguozhiwaiderenlaishuo，duotaiquanchengweimeiguodangpaidouzhengdezhongxinhuoxushigelingrenjingyadexianxiang。suiranzhengtanzhengdoubuxiu，danduoshumeiguorenshijishangshizhichiduotaiquande。zhengzhiguanchazhepubianrenwei，tongyiduotaiyufouzaihendachengdushangshiyichang“zongjiaofenzheng”——fanduiduotaidezongjiaorenshibiliyuanyuangaoyufeizongjiaorenshibili——erzi1970niandaimeiguo“zongjiaoyouyi”jueqiyilai，meiguodedangpaifenjiexianyizhujianbeizongjiaoxinyangzhongsu。2019nian，jiemianwenhua（id: booksandfun）cengzailuyisianneizhoutuichufanduotaifaanshikanwenfenxizi1970niandaizhijinzongjiaoruhejiajumeiguozhengzhifenlie。zaimeiguozuigaofayuanhuojiangtuifan“luoyisuweidean”zhiji，weiduzhezhongfaciwen。

《从美国推出最严堕胎法案谈起：宗教为何加剧了美国政治分裂？》

撰文 | 林子人 编辑 | 朱洁树

zitelangpushangtaihou，“hanweishengming”（pro-life）fanduotaizhenyingshengshidazhen。2019nianzhijin，meiguoyijingyou15gezhoutichu《xintiaofaan》，gaifaanguiding，zhiyaonvxinghuaiyunshijianchaoguoliuzhou，yixuepandingtaieryou“xintiao”deqingkuangxia，jiujinzhimuqinduotai。ruguonvxingbeirendingshiguyidadiaotaier，keyiyierjimoushaqisu，zuigaokepan30niantuxing。congyixueshanglaijiang，peitaichuxianxintiaodagaishizaihuaiyunliuzhouhou，ranerzaifalvguidingdeqixiannei，nvxinghenyoukenengyinwufaquerenzijishifouhuaiyunercuoguohefaduotaiqi。zaialabamazhouzhiqian，yiyouzuozhiya、ehaie、akense、kentaji、mixixibihebeidaketaliugezhoutongguolezheiyiyanlidefanduotaifa。

weiraoduotaiquanjinxingdedouzhengyijingzaimeiguozhengtanchixulejishinian。1969nian，21suidedekesasizhounvzinuoma·maikewei（norma mccorvey）yiwaihuaiyundanfaxianbenzhoufalvguidingzhiyoudangmuqindeshengmingshoudaoweixieshicaiyunxuduotai，yushitayijian·luoyi（jane roe）dehuamingqisudezhoubeifangjuzhuqudiqufating。cianyilushangsuzhimeiguozuigaofayuan。1973nian，meiguozuigaofayuanjiu“luoyisuweidean”（roe v. wade）zuochunvxingyouquanjuedingshifouduotaidepanjue，ziciduotaizaidaduoshuzhoushuhefaxingwei。ranerduotaidezhengyizhangqicunzai，baoshouzhuyizhebuduanhuyutuifan“luoyisuweidean”decaijue，quanmianjinzhiduotai。

zhengtanzhengdouchichibuxiu，shishishang，duoshumeiguorenshizhichiduotaiquande。genjuyu2018nian10yuefabudeminyidiaocha，58%demeiguorenrenweiduotaiyinggaihefahua。yanjiurenyuanfaxian，duotaiyebushi“xingbiezhizheng”，meiguonanxinghenvxingzhichiduotaidebilixiangjin（fenbiewei57%he60%）。gaiyanjiufaxian，zongjiaohedangpaicaishijuedingrenmenlichangdezuizhongyaoyinsu——59%degonghedangrenrenweiduotaizaiquanbuhuodaduoshuqingkuangxiayinggaifeifa，76%deminzhudangrenzechixiangfantaidu，liangzhedebilidouzaijinnianlaiyousuotisheng；zaixinjiaotu（meiguozuizhuliudezongjiao）zhong，bairenxinjiaofuyinpaishizuijiandingfanduotaidequnti（61%），yuzhixingchengduibideshi，zhuliubairenxinjiaotuzhong67%renweiduotaiyinggaizaiquanbuhuodaduoshuqingkuangxiahefa，er74%defeizongjiaorenshirenweiduotaihefa。

zaixinyilundeduotaifaanlangchaozhong，tongguofaandezhoujunweinanbuyuzhongbuzhou，jizhichigonghedangde“hongzhou”。“hongzhou”he“lanzhou”defenliegejuzhangqicunzai，erqiezhidezhuyideshi，zheiyigejubujinyourenmenduizhengfuzhichuheshuishoudebutongtaidudaozhi，yeyoushenkedezongjiaoyinsu。zhengzhiguanchazhepubianrenwei，zongjiaoshidaozhimeiguozhengtandangpailiangjihuadezhongyaotuishou。zuoweiyigecongjianguoyishijiuquelizhengjiaofenlizhiduqieshisuhuachengdujigaodefadaguojia，shizhijinri，meiguozaizhengzhishangyijiushoudaozongjiaodeqianglieyingxiang。zheiyiqieshiruhefashengde？gonghedangweihehuichengweizongjiaobaoshoushilidedabenying？ziyoupaiyoushiruhehuiyingbaoshoushilide“daoxingnishi”de？

政教分离的初衷与现实：既极端世俗又非常虔信

1787nianzhixianhuiyishang，meiguoguofumenzuochuleyigezhongyaodejueding：fangqijianlilianbangzongjiaojigou，guidingzhengfuwuquanxiazhizongjiao，zongjiaorenyuanyebudezaizhengfuzhongyongyouguanzhi。suiranzhengjiaofenlicongyikaishijiushimeiguodeliguozhiben，danzheibingbuyiweizhezongjiaozaizheigeguojiabuzaizhongyao。

genjupiyouyanjiuzhongxindeshuju，muqianmeiguoyue70.6%derenkouxinyangjidujiao，qizhongxinjiaotu（protestants）yuezhanmeiguorenkoudesicheng，shimeiguojidujiaotuzhongzuipangdadequnti。zaizheigezhongyaodexinjiaoguojia，xinjiaozailishishangshucifuyinyundong（tongguochuanbojidulaidaodefuyinjichuandijidudexinxi，dachengyesujiaoyidechuanbo）zhongfazhan、paishengchubutongjiaopai。zairenkoutongjixuelingyu，muqianmeiguoxinjiaotudazhibeifenweifuyinxinjiaotu（evangelical protestants）hezhuliuxinjiaotu（mainline protestants），liangzhezaixinyangshijian、yishixingtaihezhengzhiqingxiangshangcunzaimingxiandechabie。

zongguanmeiguolishi，fuyinyundongwangwangzaidaguimoyiminchao、zhanzhengkongju、jingjibuquedingdeteshushikebaofa，yicicijiangrenmintuixiangshangdi。diyicidajuexingyundong（the great awakening）fashengzai1730niandai，weiligonghuimushiqiaozhi·huaitefeierde（george whitefield）xingzouyuyingshubeimeizhimindibudao，tadebianshugaochao，jiangdiyuxingrongdehuishenghuise。huaitefeierdedebudaolvxingtuanjieledangshisanbugechudezhimindijumin，bingzaituidongmeiguogemingzhongfahuilejudadezuoyong。

diercidajuexingyundongfashengzai1830niandai，jinxinhuiheweiligonghuipaijiaotudeshuliangjijushangsheng，bingcongzhongpaishengchuleduogejiaopai，xingchenglexindezongjiaoyundong，birumomenjiao、jidufulinjiao、shidailun。

disancidajuexingyundongfashengzai1920niandai，zaiciqijian，yichuangshilunweidaibiaode19shijichuantongnongyebairenjiazhiguanyu20shijigongye、chengshi、duoyuanwenhua，tebieshijinhualunjiazhiguanchanshenglejiliepengzhuang。zheiyizhengyizai1925niandesikepuhouzishenpanandadaobairehua，dangshiyiweijiaoshiyouyujiangshoujinhualunerbeikonggao。

zhuduoxuezherenwei，zaiduoyuanwenhuazhuyi、nvxingzhuyi、houxiandaizhuyi、kongbuzhuyiweixie、minzuzhuyiyundonghequanqiuhuadengdangdaiyitiyinqidezhongzhongjiaolvzhong，meiguozhengzaijinglidisicidajuexingyundong。

meiguojishigejiduanshisudefadaguojia，yeshiyigefeichangqianxindeguojia。zaozai1840nian，tuokeweierjiuzai《lunmeiguodeminzhu》dierjuanzhongzhichumeiguorenbiqiouzhoubiaoqingengqiancheng，rujindeqingkuangyiranruci。shidifen·pingke（stephen pinker）zai《dangxiadeqimeng》zhongyuanyinshujuzhichu，2012nian，60%demeiguorenxuanchengzijixinjiao，danzaijianada、faguoheruidian，shengchengzijixinjiaoderenfenbiezhiyou46%、37%he29%。erzaiqitaxifangminzhuguojia，wushenlunzhedebiliweimeiguode2-6bei。

shehuixuejiahelishixuejiawangwanghuiduizongjiaochixuzuoweimeiguogonggongbianlunzhongderemenhuatigandaojingya。“shisuhualilun”renwei，dangshehuishisuhuachengdubiangao（qiangda、kuozhangxingdezhengfu；chongmanhuolidezibenzhuyishichangjingji；kexuedezhigaodiwei），zongjiaohuizhujiantuihuidaosirenlingyu，chengweiyizhongchuantongdexiangzhengerbuhuiduixiandaiwenhuazaochengyingxiang。danzheiyililunzaimeiguobingbuzouxiao，zhengjujiushiyuelaiyueqiangdejiaohuinianxing，hezongjiaotuantiyizhengzhishouduantuixingzishenmubiaodejuexin。

pududaxuelishixuejiaoshoufrank lambertrenwei，yigegenghaodejieshimeiguozongjiaoxinyangqiangjingdekuangjiashizongjiaojingjixuelilun：danggezhongzongjiaotuantitongshicunzai、xiangyoutuixinggezidaodeyuanjingdeziyoubingwanquanyilaichengyuanzhichideshihou，zongjiaotuantizhijianhuixingchengjiliedejingzheng。weilexiyinbingbaoliuxintu，gezongjiaotuantihuicaiyonggezhongchuangxinxingshouduan。yucitongshi，renmenfangfozaixinyangdechaoshilitiaotiaojianjian，xiangyouweiziwoshixianxuanze、genghuanxinyangdeziyou。

zongjiaotuantizhijiandejiliejingzhenghendachengdushangyeshizhengjiaofenlidejieguo。chulejiyufeiyinglizuzhishuifeijianmian、weijiaohuixuexiaotigongjiaokeshuyijiweiyixiezhenduibaozhangqiongrenfulide“xinyangxingdong”（faith-based initiatives）tigongzizhuwai，meiguojiaohuibuhuihuodeguojiazizhu，zhinengyikaosirenjuankuan。yinci，gezhongjiaohuixuyaodazaochuyikuankuanxiyinrende“zongjiaochanpin”laihuodexintuhejinqian。zaizheigecengmianshang，meiguodezongjiaojishijingshenxingde，yeshishejiaoxing、shisuxingde。dangmeiguorencongyigedifangbandaolingwaiyigedifangshi，tamenwangwanghuixunzhaodangdixindejiaohui，zai“xinyangchaoshi”litiaojianyifan，genjubianlixing、shehuijieceng、zhongzu、budaofengge、jiaotangjianzhudeshenmei、yuerfuwudezhiliang、yundongduideyoulie，yijizaishehuiyitishangdelichanglaixuanze。

minyidiaochaxianshi，meiguojiaohuishileisishejiaojulebudecunzai，tongguozuzhigezhonghuodongrangrenmenyoushikegan。yueyouyibandemeiguorenmeizhouhuicongshi2-3xiaoshideshequzhiyuanzhefuwu——zaiyige“shizheshengcun”“fanshikaoziji”weiquanminxinyangdeguojia，zongjiaotuantizaiweiqiongrenfafangyiwushipin、weiwujiakeguizhetigongzhusuo、zhaogubingzhe、weizhichangmamatigongrituofuwudengshehuifulifangmianfahuilejudazuoyong。zheiguranshizongjiaojijidefangmian。danzailingyifangmian，zongjiaoyeyinqiyuminzhongshenghuodemiqielianxierzaiqianyimohuajiangaizaorendesixiang，bingyiyizhongjianjiedexingshiyingxiangzhengzhishiwu，anzhaolambertdeshuofa，“tongguodaodejiaohua，zongjiaosuzaojiazhiguan、juedingshiwudeqingzhonghuanji，bingzaigongminhegongzhirenyuanzoujintoupiaozhanhezhouyihuidashadeshihouyingxiangtamendejueding。”

民权运动的影响：刺激了宗教右翼的崛起

zai20shijideqian60nian——cong1900niandaide“jinbushidai”dao1960niandaideminquanyundong——minzhudanghegonghedangdoumeiyouxiyinrenshukeguandezongjiaoxuanmin。buguoruguoyidingyaofenbianzheiyishiqituidongzhengzhifazhandezhuyaozongjiaoliliangdehua，neiyinggaikeyibeilongtongguiwei“zuoyi”：tamenzhizhongjiyoulaizijihusuoyoujiaopaidebairenxinjiaotu，yeyouziyoupaitianzhujiaotu、heiren、youtairenyijineixie“shengchengzijizhuzhongjingshenshenghuodanbuguiyirenheyigeyouzuzhidexinyang”deren。tamenyongbaoziyouzhuyi，xiangxinjinbudeliliang，yaoqiushehuibaorongduoyuanjiazhi。

zhidao1950niandai，meiguonanbudiquzhujianchengweimeiguofuyinbaoshoupaidedabenying。dangxuduobeibufuyinpairenshicong1990niandaikaishidiaohekexueyuxinyangzhijiandeguanxi、yongbaoxiandaixingdeshihou，nanbufuyinpairenshituihuidaowenhualingyu，qiangdiaogerenjiushuerfeishehuizhuanxing。zheiyeshizongjiaobaoshoupaizai20shijishangbanyezaizhengzhilingyumomowuwendeyuanyin。ranerzheiyiqingkuangbeiminquanyundonggenbenxingdiniuzhuanle。

1960niandaidejijinzhengzhihehuailebaoshoujidutu，zaitamenkanlai，minquanyundongshiduimeiguojidujiaoyichandeyanzhongjianta：fanyuezhandenianqingrengongjiguojiadedaodequanweijibairen、nanxing、shangdengshehuiwenhua；nvxingzhuyizhepipingmeiguowenhuashiyizhongweinanxingmoulidenanquanwenhua，zhizejidujiaochuantongjianlizaiyangedefuquanzhidujichuzhishang、hunyinzhidujiushiyigejiangnvxingshufuzaicidengrendiweideboxuezhidu。1960niandaishigenianqingrenbeiguangfandongyuanqilaifankangtizhideshidai，genglingzongjiaobaoshoupaibuandeshi，ziyoupaijidutuyezhichizheixiejiazhiguan，houzhekaishiyongbao“shiyongzhuyidaodeguan”（situation ethics），rentongxiandaishisuwenhua，renweigerenziyoubishangdigengzhongyao。

zuoweidui1960niandaiziyousichaodefanji，yigubeixuejiechengwei“zongjiaoyouyi”（religious right）deliliangzi1970niandaijueqi。yijierui·faweiermushi（jerry falwell）weishoudebufenzongjiaoyuanjiaozhizhuyizheyixiufumeiguojidujiaoyichandemingyilianheqilaifaqile“daodeduoshupai”yundong（moral majority），haozhaozhitongdaohedejidutucongshisurenwenzhuyizheshouzhong“duohui”guojiadekongzhiquan，tamendezhengzhimubiaodazhikeyiyongyijuhuagaikuo：“hanweishengming、hanweichuantongjiating、hanweiguofang，yijihanweiyiselie。”zaisuoyoushehuiyitizhong，fanduotaichengweizongjiaoziyoupaihebaoshoupaichongtuzuijiliedeyiti。lambertzhichu，1973nian“luoyisuweidean”（roe v. wade）zhongzuigaofayuanxuanpanfanduotaiweixian、zhongzhirenshenyinggaishimuqindejueding，zheiyipanjuebisuoyouqitajijinzhengzhidougengshenkedicijidaozongjiaobaoshoupaideshenjing。

zhici，meiguozongjiaoziyoupaihezongjiaobaoshoupaideshenxuehedaodechayiyiyilanwuyu：

“ziyoupaiyongbao‘kaifang、duoyuanzhuyi、duoyangxinghebicizunzhongchayidejiazhi’。tamenrenweidaodezaishenxuezhishang，tamendedaode‘qiangdiaoai、renjiguanxi、heping、gongzheng、baorong、duishaoshuquntidekuanrong、duiduoyangshenghuofangshihexingquxiangdejieshou’。tamenshi18shijiziyoupaijidutudejichengzhe，renweizongjiaoxinyangheqimengyundongtuixingdeshisuhuabingxingbubei。yuzhixiangfandeshibaoshoupai，tamenjiangchuantongzhuisudaodajuexingyundongzhongdejingqianzhuyizhe。dangziyoupaiyishiyongzhuyidetaiduzhichidaodexiangduizhuyishi，baoshoupaiyangezunxun《shengjing》qishi，jianxindaodejueduizhuyi。tamenzhichichuantongjidujiaoheyoutaijiaozai‘jiating、xingquxiang、jilvhedaodefalingzhongyaoxingdejiaoyi’。lingwai，tamenfeichangaiguo，zhichiduiwaijunshidajiwushenlungongchanzhuyi，duineiyangezhifadajishehuilijingpandaozhehezuifan。”

1976nianminzhudanghouxuanrenjimi·kateruzhubaigong，zheiweiqiaozhiyazhouchusheng、zixuweiqianchengdefuyinpaixinjiaotudezongtongzaishangtaihoutuichudeyixilieziyouzhuyizhengcejidadijinulezhichitadenanfang（bairen）fuyinpaixinjiaoxuanmin。katetichutishengjiaoyubudediwei，beinanfangbairen（tebieshinanfangfuyinpaixinjiaotu）lijieweilianbangzhengfujiangduinanbuzhougonglixuexiaojiaqiangguankong——zhangqiyilainanfangzhoujianchiweichidangdigonglixuexiaodedulixing，yiweichizhongzugelidexianzhuang。lingwai，nanfangfuyinpaixinjiaotuyeduikatedejiatingguandaganshiwang，zai1979nian“guojiajiatingzhou”deyanjiangzhong，katemingquebiaoshizijizhichibaorongdejiatingguan：“womenshiyigezhongshijiatingdeguojia。suoyoudejiatingdouhenzhongyao，dandajiating、jiyangjiatingheshouyangjiatingzaiweineixiequefahexinjiatingguanaiderenhuanjiegudushangqidaoleteshudezuoyong。”shirenzongtongxinwenmishudeqiudi·baoweier（jody powell）gengshizhijieledangdixuancheng：“dangwoxiangdaojiatingdeshihou，wobuhuizhixiangdaowodeqizi、wodemuqin、wodenverhewodesunbei。”zaibaoshoupaikanlai，zheishigongranweikang《shengjing》duijiating（jixueqin）dedingyi。

zaizongjiaoyouyiduiminzhudangdezhengzhizhuzhangshiwangdetongshi，zaixuanjuzhongluobaidegonghedangzezaisikaoruhenifengfanpan。tamendecelveshiliyongguangdazongjiaobaoshoupaiduiguojiazhengcezuoqingdebuman，jiangzongjiaoheshisubaoshoupaililianglianheqilai，kuodaxuanminjichu。zaikandaobaoshoufuyinpaiduikatedejiaoyuguanhejiatingguangandaojusangdanmeiyoutaiduozhengzhilingxiuduicibiaoshiguanzhushi，zongjiaoyouyihuodongjia、youyizhikuyichanjijinhui（heritage foundation）chuangshirenbaoluo·weiliqi（paul weyrich）yishidao“zaizhenzhengdemeiguo、zaizhenzhengde、caogenmeiguorenzhizhong”，youyigehendadejiazhangquntidengdaigonghedangshouge，ruguo“dalaodang”（zhu：meiguogonghedangdebiecheng）nenggouyouxiaodongyuan、zuzhizheixie“chenmodedaduoshu”dehua：“dengyixia，zheixierenshulianghenduo，tamenjiuzainali，danmeiyourenquzuzhitamen。rangwomenquzuzhitamen，rangwomenqudongyuantamentoupiao，kankanhuifashengshenme。”

tongguogaoxiaodongyuan，“zongjiaoyouyi”hegonghedangdeshenglishiyu1980nianluonade·ligendedangxuan。zongjiaobaoshoupaiheyuanjiaozhizhuyizheyidaotoupiaojineixieweitamendexinyangbeishudezhengke，jifanduotai、yunxuzaigonglixuexiaoqidaobingjiaoshouchuangshilun、xuanbushaohuiguoqiweixian、jianshaolianbangshuibingjianggengduoquanlihaijigezhou、rangzhengfuyuanligongyixingshiwu。jidujiaolianmeng（christian coalition）zaiquanguofanweineifafangle7000wanfen“xuanminzhinan”，zuzhijiaohuihuodongdongyuanjiaotuzai2000nianhe2004nianweigonghedanghouxuanrentoupiao。zaizheiliangcizongtongdaxuanzhong，tamenshizaiguanjianzhouzhongweixiaobushennaxiaxuanpiaodezhongyaoliliang。

weile“huikui”zheixiexuanmindezhichi，gonghedangdeshizhengganglingyeyuelaiyueyouqing：zongjiaoyouyituantikaishihuodezhengfuzijin，zongtongzaigongkaijianghuazhongyuelaiyuewusuogujidishiyongzongjiaoyuyan（xiaobushenjiujingchangyongzongjiaoyuyanlaimiaoshuzijidewaijiaozhengce，xiaobushenzhengfujiangmeiguoxingrongweiweishangdituixingziyoudeguojia，bayilake、yilanghechaoxianchengwei“xieezhouxin”），meiguozuigaofayuanyekaishixiangbaoshoupaikaolong。2018nian10yue，beitelangputimingdezuigaodafaguanhouxuanrenbuleite·kawanuo（brett kavanaugh）yi50piaozancheng、48piaofanduideweiruoyoushihuodecanyiyuantongguo，qudaituixiudewenhepaidafaguanandongni·kennidi（anthony kennedy）。zhici，zuigaofayuandebaoshoushilishangshengzhiwuren，dapole9mingfaguanzhijiandeliliangjunheng。erjin，fanduotaifaanzainanbugezhoufenfenchutaiyishi“zongjiaoyouyi”liliangzhangxiandebiaozhi。

keguaneryan，“zongjiaoyouyi”zaizhengzhilingyuqudedeyingxianglichaoguoletamendefanduizhe，zheiyuqichaoqiangdedongyuannenglimiqiexiangguan。shishishang，“zongjiaoyouyi”defanduizhechuledoutaoyan“zongjiaoyouyi”zhiwaihennanzhaodaogongtongdian，minzhudangyeduiyuzongjiaorenshilianshouxincunyilv，gengzhongyaodeshi，zongjiaoyouyifenzigengshanyugoutong，tamenbujinnengchuandawendingde、yiyulijiedexinxi，yedongdechongfenliyongxiandaimeitishouduanrangxinxichuandajidazhong。zailambertkanlai，ziyoupaiduiduoyangxinghekuanrongdechengnuoyiweizhetamenzaihenduoqingkuangxiahezongjiaojuwairenjishehuishaoshuquntizhanzaiyiqi，zheiwuzhuyuziyoupaizhengquzongjiaorenshidezhichi。

民主党联合“宗教左翼”：“左翼联盟”能够赢得意识形态之争吗？

cong1980niankaishi，youxinyangdemeiguoren——wulunshiyuanjiaozhizhuyixinjiaotu、qianchengtianzhujiaotuhaishizhengtongyoutaijiaotu——doukaishixianggonghedangkaolong，yucitongshi，shisuhuameiguorenzedaoxiangleminzhudang。erduiyuzongjiaojiedeziyoupailaishuo，tamenpoqiexuyaozaizhengtanzhaohuizi20shijishangbanyehoushiluoyijiudeyingxiangli。

2004nianzongtongdaxuanhou，“zongjiaozuoyi”kaishichuxianzaigongzhongshiyezhong。genjubeliefnetchuangshiren、《huashengdunyuekan》teyuebianjisteven waldmandeguancha，2004nianzongtongdaxuanqijiandefuyinpaixinjiaoxuanmindazhikeyifenweisanlei：yileishijiandingzhichigonghedangde“yuanjiaozhizhuyizhe”，tamendagaizhanquanbuxuanminde15%；yileishi“wenhepai”，zhanquanbuxuanminde9%，tamendangzhongdedaduoshuyinweizhichixiaobushendeqiangyingwaijiaolichang、fanduiduotaihetongxinghunyindengzhengzhizhuzhangertoupiaojita，haiyouyibufenyinweijingjiyititoupiaojileyuehan·kairui；disanleishi“ziyou”fuyinpai，zhanquanbuxuanminde3%，guanzhuhuanjingbaohuhepinfuchajuwenti，qingxiangyutoupiaojiminzhudang。“zongjiaozuoyi”xiwangbaochidisanleirendezhongchengdu，zhengqudierleiren，youkenengdehua，zhuanhuabufendiyileiren。

yinci“zongjiaozuoyi”congyikaishijiuyouliangxiangjianjuderenwu，jizairangzongjiaoxuanminquexintamenchule“zongjiaoyouyi”zhiwaiyouyigegenghaodetidaixingxuanzedetongshibuhetuishisuminzhudangren。“zongjiaozuoyi”zuzhidemubiaoshizaizhengzhiwenhuazhongjiaqiangduihepingheshehuizhengyidetaolun，tamendanxinzhiyoushisuzhuyizhehe“zongjiaoyouyi”deshengyinbeitingdao。duiyu“zongjiaozuoyi”dexuanchuanzhelaishuo，shisuzhuyizhehulvelerenmendejingshenxuqiu，er“zongjiaoyouyi”xuanyangdequeshikongjuhefenlie。

jinguanbushenqingyuan，minzhudangneibukaishiyishidaolalongzongjiaoxuanmindezhongyaoxing。cong2006nianzhongqixuanjukaishi，yixiezhongyaodeminzhudangrenshikaishishituxiuzhengminzhudangdelichang，laixiyinzongjiaoxuanmin。shirenyilinuoyizhoucanyiyuandebalake·aobamayuxilali·kelindun、huohuade·dianyidaohuyuminzhudanggenggongkaidihuiyingduixuduomeiguorenlaishuofeichangzhongyaodezongjiaoyiti。zaijieshouabcdecaifangshi，aobamacengbiaoshi：“zaihenzhangyiduanshijianli，wojuedewomenfanleyigecuowu，jiushimeinengchengrenxinyangzaimeiguorenshenghuozhongdeliliang，meinengcanyuruhediaohexinyangyuxiandaiduoyuanminzhuguanxideyansutaolun。”zaitakanlai，minzhudangduizongjiaowentichenmoletaijiu，daozhi“meiguodezongjiaofenqibeijierui·faweiermushihepate·luoboxunmushi（pat robertson）zheiyangdebaoshoufuyinpailingxiucaokong”。

zai2006nian11yuezhongxinduodeguohuiliangyuanduoshuxiweihou，minzhudangshoucigongkaixiang“zongjiaozuoyi”shenchuleganlanzhi。dangnian12yue2ri，jijiangshangrendecanyiyuanduoshudanglingxiuhali·leide（harry reid）yaoqingjimu·walisi（jim wallis）mushijiubushenzongtongdemeizhoudiantaiyanjiangfabiaominzhudanghuiying。zheizaidangshibeizhengzhiguanchazherenweishiminzhudangqianghuayufuyinpailianxidecelve。suiranleidezaiyanjiangzhongqiangdiaoletabingbushiweiminzhudangshuohua，“ershizuoweiyigeyouxinyangderenpoqiexiwangweimeiguozhaodaoyigexindeshengmingyuanjing，kandaozaipoqiexuyaomianduidewentishangyingyongwomenzuigaodaodejiazhiguandejihui。”buguozhidezhuyideshi，tadejianghuayuminzhudangdeziyouzhuyilichangdequefeichangjiejin，birushuojiejuepinkunwenti、suoxiaopinfuchaju、congyilakechejun、yingduiquanqiubiannuanwentidengdeng。

jinguanruci，minzhudangyu“zongjiaozuoyi”de“zuoyilianmeng”youzhexuduobuquedingyinsu。shouxian，ziyoupaidezhuzhangbibaoshoupaidezhuzhanggengnanxuanchuan。ziyoupaiyishidaoxiandaishehuidefuzaxing，jujuegenju《shengjing》dewenbenlaijianhuawenti。danzheizhonglijieshijiedefangshihennanzaiyigekuaisubianhua、riqufuzadeshidaiweibuanderenmentigongtamenkeqiudequedingganheanquangan。

qici，minzhudangneibuduiyuzongjiaorenshijiemengyijiuxincunyilv。minzhudangyizhiqiangdiaozhengjiaofenli，xuanyangzijidedangshiyigeyongbaoduoyuanxingdedang，xuduodangneirenshidanxinyinghezongjiaorenshihuigaibianbendangchuzhong——wulunshiruanhuazhichiduotaideyuyan，yicixiyintianzhujiaotuhebaoshoufuyinpaixinjiaotu，haishicaina“zongjiaozuoyi”neixiegengweijijindezhengzhizhuzhang。

yinweizhongzhongyuanyin，meiguozhengzhiyijingzhuiruzongjiaofenqidenitan，“hongsemeiguo”he“lansemeiguo”defenyeshidangpaifenqihejiaopaifenqijiaozhidejieguo。ruhechaoyuedangpaipianjian、tuijinshehuifazhanshidangxiameiguozhengzhijidaijiejuedeyigenanti。

duiyuziyoupailaishuo，yigehaoxiaoxishiyanqiandecuozhehuoxuzhishizanshide。pingkeyuanyinyixiangzuixinyanjiuzhichu，meiguozhengtizhengzaiyuelaiyueshisuhua。feizongjiaorenshicong1972niande5%shangshengdaomuqiande25%，zheirangtamenchaoguoletianzhujiaotu（21%）、bairenfuyinpai（16%）hebairenzhuliuxinjiaotu（13.5%），chengweimeiguozuidade“zongjiao”tuanti。shisuhuadedaijichayifeichangmingxian，zainianqingrendangzhong，feizongjiaorenshidebilishizuigaode，erqienianqingyidaigengyoukenengzhongshenbaochibuxinjiaodezhuangtai。conglishizhangshiduanlaikan，shisuhualilunyezaimeiguozouxiao：“dangrenmenbiandeqiuzhiyugengqiang、gengyoukexuesuyangshi，tamenjiubuzaixiangxinqijile……guojiazhihuishuipingyuegao，guominfangqizongjiaoxinyangdebilijiuyuegao。”

zhiyu“zuoyilianmeng”ruheyingdedangxiadeyishixingtaizhizheng，pingkedejianyishigulifeizongjiaorenshitoupiao。yanjiufaxian，2012nian，buyifurenhezongjiaopaixidemeiguorenzhanrenkoude20%，danzhizhanxuanminde12%；suiranfeizongjiaorenshiduixilalihetelangpudezhichibilishi3：1，dantamendaduozai2016nian11yue8ridaizaijiali，erfuyinpaijiaotuzepaizheduitoupiao。ouzhoudemincuizhuyiyundongzhongyechuxianleleisidexianxiang。

参考资料：

【mei】shidifen·pingke.《dangxiadeqimeng：weilixing、kexue、renwenzhuyihejinbubianhu》.zhanluwenhua/zhejiangrenminchubanshe. 2019.

russell duncan, joseph goddard. contemporary america (3rd edition). palgrave macmillan. 2009.

frank lambert. religion in american politics: a short history. princeton university press. 2008.