文｜36氪出海 施忆

编辑｜Jason

gaigekaifangyilai，zhongguozhizaoyejingliletufeimengjindefazhan，dadaxiaoxiaodegongchanggouchenglewanbeidechanyeliantiaohetesegeyidechanyejiqun，xiangquanqiushuchuchanpin。

rujinzhizaoyejinruzhuanxingjieduan，xijizhubuxiangshuzihua、zhinenghua、pinpaihuashengji。danzheixienianwaibuyalibuduan，waixuzouruogengchengweizhongguogongchangwaimaochukoumianlindedanyouzhiyi。

zhengdangcishi，gongchangguanlidejielibangyezhujiancongchuangshiyidaichuandidaochangerdai、naizhisandaishouzhong。tamenzhongdexuduoyongyouhaiguijiaoyubeijing、shuxihulianwang，jiechugongchangshiwuchangchangshicongwaimaochukou、dianshangdengkaishi，huoyueerwaixiang，youyexindegengzaibuduansikaogongchangruhepojuxiangshang。tamennengfouchengweizhizaoyehewaimaochukoudexinliliang？

外贸到了转折点吗？

jinjiniandewaimaohuanjingyizhizaiqifubianhua，haiyunyiduzusai、yunfeigaoqishenzhiyixiangnanqiu。yeyinciqianzhenzihaiyunchangtongzhihou，yixiegangkoufanerchuxianjizhuangxiangkongxiangxianxiang，yinfayulunguanzhu。

danyoucihennantuidaochuwaimaoxingyefazhanmianlinzhuanzhediandejielun。jinqicongshujulaikan，chukouzhanxianrenxing，juhaiguanzongshutongji，yimeiyuanji3yuechukoutongbizengzhang14.8%；jidianchanpinhelaodongmijixingchanpinchukoujunshixianzengzhang；zhizaoye pmi zhishuyechuyukuozhangqujian，danxinchukoudingdanzhishu3yuexiaofuhuiluozhi50.4。

keyikandaowaimaochukouzhengzaixianghaofazhan，danzaiquanqiujingjifusuxingbuzu、tonghuopengzhang、qukucundengyuanyindezuoyongxia，yehaimianlinlengnuanjiaozadefuzahuanjing。jieshoulejialixincailiaohezhixieshebeichangdechangerdai winni zaihe36kechuhaidejiaoliuzhongbiaoshi，gongchangwaimaoyewuzhanbijinqicheng，jutalejiexuduoyixianpinpaifangdouhaizaihuanmanxiaohaokucundeguochengzhong，yuqijinniandeyewukenengchuzai“handongdeweisheng”。

工厂外贸，交到二代手中

duigongchangeryan，neimaojingzhengjilie、biandonggengduo、huikuanzhangqizhang，erwaimaodingdandexiyinlizaiyuchengjiaohouhekehudeguanxi、fukuanzhouqidouxiangduiwending。

changerdaichenghaogaosu36kechuhai：“waimaoyuneixiaodekehuxiguanbutong。waimaoqianqidedajianhuifansuoyixie，baokuoyukehuquedingyangpin、jiage、fukuanfangshideng。danyidanjianlilewengudeyewuguanxi，ruguobushiyuancailiaochengbendazhangjiahuozheguojiahuanjingjudabianhua，yibanhaishibijiaowengude，qiefukuanzhouqiwending。danshineixiaojiuwanquanbuyiyang，suiyibiangeng，erqiedaduodouyoushangxiayoudezhangqi，shenzhituoqianjinianbufukuandeyehenchangjian。”

zheiyeshiweishenmexuduozuoneimaodegongchanghuixiwangtongguotuozhanwaimaokehu，weizijizengjiayitiao“shenglu”。

95niandecaichengmuqianjingyingzhejialideweiyugongchang，youyugongchangshilaochang，zaishebeihechengbenguankongshanghexiandaihuagongchangxiangbiquefayoushi，chanlianghedingdandoujiaoxiao，zheixieniandeneixiaobingbuhaozuo，suoyitayeyizhixiangchangshizuodongnanyashichangchukou。danduiyumeiyouwaimaojingyandegongchang，zheitiaoluburongyikaipi。

gongchangzuowaimaochukoudexuanxiangbuduo，tongguowaimaogongsihuoshizijiadewaimaoyewutuandui，tuokequdaozhuyaoshixianxiazhanhuihexianshangpingtai。

caichenggaosu36kechuhai，zhouweidegongchangtongxingduoshihewaimaogongsihezuo、moshigengshengxin，danwaimaogongsiyaomeyouwendingdegongyingshang，yaomeyulonghunzananyipanduanzizhishuiping，tayequefatouxu。zhuanmenguwaimaoyuanlaizuo，youdanxindingdanbeiqiaozou。caichengrenshiyiweisishiduosuidedajie，jinglileliangcizheileishijianhou，kaishizixueyingyu、zijijiexiawaimaogongzuo。

dui“wairen”debufangxin，huoxuyeshixuduochangerdaichangbeianpaicongwaimaoyewujieshouzijiachanyedeyuanyinzhiyi。

向线上去

xianxiazhanhuishigongchangzhongyaodewaimaohuokequdao，duiyixietedingpinleihekehulaishuoyouqiruci。biruxiang winni jiagongchangzhuyaoshengchanmianxiangdabkehudexiefuxincailiaohezhixieshebei，“dabkehuzaixianshangzuocaigoudebuduo，womendexingyeyebijiaochuizhi，jibenshanghaishilaokezhuanjieshao、xianxiazuozhanhui、qudangdishedianhepaoguowaibaifangkehu。”

dangyiqingqijianwulijiaoliubeizuge，xiangxianshangquchengweiwunaizhiju。erdaolehouyiqingshidai，tongguo made in china、aliguojizhandengxianshang b2b pingtaituokedeshuzihuawaimao，jiaoseyebingweibeiruohua。jualiguojizhanshuju，jinnianyilaialiguojizhanshangdehaiwaixuqiutongbizengzhangdadao30%，jinru2、3yuefenzengsuhaizaijinyibushangsheng。

dandingdanbushigongchangweiyideyalilaiyuan。chengbenshizuixianshidenantizhiyi，yuanliao、yonggong、yongneng、changfangzujindeng，wuyibuzhang，danzhizaoyedelirunxiangduitouming，jingzhengyalixiagengxuyaoyikaojiageyoushiqiangshichang，dingdanjiagebingmeiyouyiqishuizhangchuangao。

shifengjiazaiqingdao，jingyingchukourihanweizhudefuzhuangchang，youzhewendingdedakehudingdanlaiyuan。dangongchangjinlaiyeyijingzhujianjiangshengchanwaibaodaoshandongqitadiqu，zhijiebufenlaokehudingdan：“chengbenyuelaiyuegao，lirunyuelaiyuedi。meitianyizhengyanjiushishijiershiwanchengben，yalitaidale。”

yeyouyixiegongchangbuzaimanzuyudaigongdeboliheyilaiwaibudingdandemoshi，changshixiangzhuanxingxiangcduan，jinerfazhanziyoupinpai。mianxianghaiwai，tamendexuanzekenengshiyamaxundengkuajingdianshangpingtai，shishuixuyaodetouruxiangduijiaoshao、qibugengkuai。erweileqianghuagongyingliandeyoushi，temu、aliguojizhandengkuajingpingtaiyezaiyi“leiziying”、“quantuoguan”dengmoshibaolanliucheng，xiyingengduochanyedaishangdewaimaogongchangjiaru，zhijiexianghaiwaixiaofeizhegongying。shifengyetingshuoyoudegongchangkeyizai temu ridanshangqian，renshidebushaogongchangze“qianfuhoujidiwangyamaxunqupao”。

zaihandouyishedengtaopinpaifengshengshuiqideshidai，shifengjiadegongchangyecengjingchuangliguozijidepinpai，danyouyuquefaliulianghegongyinglianguanlidejingyan，zuizhongmeiyouchenggong。shifengrujinzijizaikuajingdianshanglingyuchuangye，yeyouleyixiepinpaixiangguandejingyan，taxiangruguoweilaizaihuidaofuzhuangsaidaodehua，yexuhaikeyijielijialidegongchangziyuan。

conggongchangdaigongdaozizhupinpainongsuozhezhongguozhizaodejiannanfazhanlicheng，zheitiaoluzouchuguochenggongzhe，dancongweixiaoquxianxiangshangpashengdelichengrengranshiyitiaodouqiaodedaolu。gongchangzaiyunyingmoshishangyaochedizhuanbian，conglaidanshengchande b2b，daotiqianbeihuo、youkucunhetuihuanhuoyalidelingshou，naizhikuajingdianshang；zijizuochanpin、zuosheji、zuoyunying，shenzhihecengjingdekehuqiangduoshichang，zheiyexuyaogongchangyouzugoudezibenheyongqi。

投身制造的年轻人们

bushaochangerdaizaijiaoliuzhongtidao，caizheshidaidefengkou，fubeiyigezhengquehuozhecuowudeguanjianxuanzejuedinglegongchangjiexialaidemingyun。

chuzaizhizaoyezhuanxingshengjidedabeijingzhong，bujinzetui，xuduokunnandexuanzeticikeyebaizailezhizaoyexinyidairenmianqian。shifouyaolikaizijishuxidehuanjingjiexiafumudedanzi、congnakuaiyewurushou、gongchangruheshengji、waimaozenmekaituo、chuileiwangnazhuanxing、shifouyaoxuanzefangshou……erzuoweixinrenjinruyigefubeidapinleshushiniandelingyu，gengbumianyudaofenqi、zhiyiherenqingbaofu。wulunshixuanze“zilishantou”，haishizaifubeizhichixiafangshouyibo，doushixuyaozijiqukaipidexinlu，shaoyouxianchengdejingyankeyicankao，tamenyezhinengjiehezijihefubeidenuli，jinlidahaoshouzhongdepai。

conghulianwangdachangcizhihuidaojiazhonggongchangde winni xinzujianleyigexiaotuandui，weigongchangbujuqileshejiaomeiti，taxiangshishiweigongchangpinpaizuoxuanchuan，huoxujianglaiyehuidailaiwaimaozhuanhuahegengduoxindekenengxing。“womenzheigexingyetaichuizhile，yecunzaitongzhihuaheeyidijiajingzheng，quanqiudeshichangjiuzheimejikuaidifang，suoyidezhuajinzhuanxinghezhaoyixiexindesaidao。”

toushenzhizaoyedenianqingrenmen，yetongyangshizaichaoshuizhongbeituizhexiangqian。wulunshishuzihuagaizao、shebeishengjihuozheyanfachanpin，xuyaodetourudoubushiyibixiaoshumu，duiyuzhongxiaochangeryangengnanchengdan。zaixingyedezhenghetaotaizhong，bufagongchangwunaixuanzezhisun，yeyouchangerdaiyincikaiwanxiaoshuoshiziji“bagongchangganhuangle”。

suizhejiazhongdegongchangtingchanzhuanxingchengweimaoyigongsi，chenghaobuzaicanyugongchangshiwu。danzaitakanlai，zhizaoyederenxingrengranzaichuandi。“zhizaoyezheitiaolushikuzaojimode，zhenzhengnengcunhuoxiaqudeshimaitouganhuo、momogengyunderen。tamenzhenzhengzhuanzhudehaishichanpingongyibenshen。zheishihexinde，yeshinengchuanchengxiaqude。”

*文中插图均为受访人提供；应受访人要求，Winni、世丰、蔡成均为化名。