界面新闻记者 | 赵孟

界面新闻编辑 | 刘海川

jiemiansuichukejiandezhaozuguanggao、gongjiaocheliguangtutudetouding、ketangshangbukanzhongfudejiaoshi……fushunde“lao”，rouyankejian。

“qipu”shujuxianshi，2020nianzhongguo60suijiyishangrenkouwei26402wanren，zhan18.70%，yijinrulaolinghuashehui。zailiaoningshengfushunshi，60zhousuijiyishangrenkou56.32wanren，zhanzongrenkoude30.26%，weijuquanguodijishidiyi，yijinruzhongdulaolinghuashehui。

fushunshizhongguozuizaoyipiziyuanxingchengshi，bansuizheziyuankujieheliyongfangshidezhuanbian，renkouzhubuwailiu，fushuncong1990niandaijiujinrulaolinghuashehui。yuzhixiangbandeshijingjiheshehuifazhandequanmianjianhuan。zheiweicengjingde“gongheguozhangzi”，rujinrengzaibulvpanshandizhuiganzhong。

renkouxuezhuanjiayuce，yidangqiandeshengyushuipingfazhan，2035nianzuoyouzhongguo60suijiyishangrenkoujiangtupo4yi，zaizongrenkouzhongzhanbichaoguo30%。zheiyiweizhe，fushunjintiandexianzhuang，kenengshi13nianhouqitachengshideyangzi。

“yinfahongli”shifoucunzai、ruhekaifa，zaixueshujierengcunzhengyi，danfushundexianzhuangweizheiyimingtitigongleshengdongdezhushi。

看得见的“老龄化”

2023nian5yuedideyigexiawu，fushunshizhongxinwandaguangchangdemenkouzhengzaijubanyichangxiaofeijie，jishimizhangxindajiandeyitiaoxiaochijieshangjimanleren。

zheigeyuanbenshuyunianqingrendechanghe，yongruchangneidejinbandoushilaoren。tamendaizhekouzhao，youxiezuozailunyishang，zhangjiudingzhechichiweikaishiyanchudewutai。zheigexiaoshijie，chengxianchulingyigegengzhenshidefushun。

“haoduonianqianjiushizheigeyangzile，”yiweifujinxiaoqudelaorenqiangdiao，“zheilijiushishizhongxin，bushichengxiangjiehebu”。fushunguoqudewangfujingbaihuo、zhongxingshidaiguangchangdengdouyiguanbi，rujindaxingshangchangjinsheng8nianqiankaiyedewandaguangchang。

wandaguangchangzhengduidehuaanxiaoqu，yicengquanshishangpu，danyouyibanyishangtiezhe“cifangchuzu”leiguanggao，kaiyejingyingdeshijijiaxiaochaoshi、ganxidian、hunqinggongsideng，danmenkeluoque。laowuzhongjiesuozezaozaodayang。yijiacanguandelaobanshuo，yinweishengyinanzuo，tazailiangnianneihuanle3cizhaopai，xianshizuohuoguo，houlaizuokaoyu，youzuolengmian，xianzaizeshiduoyuanjingying，“yaochishadounengzuo”。

zaihuaanxiaoqudongmiandeyitiaojieshang，11geshangpuzhong，zhiyou4jiazaiyingye，danmenkouxianyouguke。yijiayuantongkuaidiwangdianyiguanmenduori，menbashoushangpiaomanhuichen，menkoutiezheyoushiqinglianxidedianhua。wangdianlaobanshuo，muqiantayibuzaizuoyuantongkuaidiyewu，gaizuolingyijiakuaidigongsi，danyewuliangtongyangbuda，yincipingshihenshaokaimen。ruguoyaojikuaidi，kenadaofujintadezhusuolouxia。

yichuzhengduizhugandaohunhenanludepumian，mianji86pingmi，fangdongbaojianianzu10wanyuan。“woqunianzude12wan，jinnianzhijiejiangliangwan，chengxinzuhaikeyitan。”fangdonghaibuwangtixing，yaochijiuzaigebixiaochaoshili，suishikeziqukanfang。

yiweiwaidilaidenianqingrenzhengzaizheilixunzhaoyichupumian，jihuakaiyijianaichadian。juzailouxialiaotiandelaorenjimangquanzuta：“wanwankaibude。”

xiaoqurukou，meitiandouyouyiqunlaorenweizheyizhangqizhuo。toudingshishequanzhuangdeyikuaipingmu，shangmiangundongzhetixinglinghuojiuyerenyuanshenqingjiuyekunnanbaoxiandetongzhi，moweifuleyijutixing：banshibuzhaoguanxi，yongquanbutuhaochu。

chuxiaoqubuyuanchushi94lugongjiaochedeyichutingkaozhan，10duoweibulvpanshandelaoren，shenzhangboziwangxianglaichedefangxiang。zheilimeiyouyigenianqingren。shangchehou，ruguonizhandaohoupaichexianggaochu，yanqianjinshiguangtutudetouding。zaisuihoudejigetingkaozhan，shuakajishangfachuzuiduodeshi“jinglaoka”he“xiyanghongka”detishiyin。

andangdilaonianrenyoudaizhengce，nianman60suidelaorenchi“jinglaoka”chenggongjiaochebanjia，nianman70suizechi“xiyanghongka”mianpiao。gongjiaochezaihenduonianqianjiuchengweilaorenchuxingdeshouxuan。suizhenianqingrenbuduanwailiu，laolinghuachixujiashen，gongjiaocheshangdelaorenyeyuelaiyueduo，yizhiyudangdishimindiaokan，“fushundegongjiaocheyinggaigaiwei‘xiyanghongzhuanxian’le。”

youqizaizaowangaofengqi，shuliangyuelaiyuepangdadelaonianrenqunti，bushiyuqitachengkefashengmoca，shenzhiyusijifashengguochongtu。jinnianlai，zheiyixianxiangrijiantuchu，shenzhiyouzhengxieweiyuanjianyi，zaizaowangaofengqiquxiaoduilaonianrendeyouhui。

yemujianglinhou，huaanxiaoqudegaolourongruheian，lingsuidedengguangwufalianchengpian。xiaofeijiedeyeshijianjianjinrugaochao，wutaishangdegeshoumailiyaohe，xiwangdiaodongtaixiadeguanzhongyiqi“dongqilai”，danqifenbingmeiyouxiangxiangderelie，laorenmenhennanpeihezhezhangshijianhuidongshoubei。

“煤都”如何变老？

zuoweiyizuoziyuanxingchengshi，fushunyinmeiersheng，yeyinmeiershuai。qingmo，fushunbeifaxianyunzangfengfudemeikuang，henkuaiqidongdaguimokaicai，heheyoumingdefushunxilutiankuang，yidubeichengweiyazhouzuidadelutianmeikuang。zaishiyoushangweibeifaxiandeniandai，meikuangchengweigongyededonglizhiyuan，chengshiyingyunersheng。1902nian，fushunkaitongyouguidianche，zheishijibeijing（dangshidebeiping）houzhongguozuizaokaitongdianchedechengshi。

新中国成立后，抚顺作为重要的工业城市，成为全国第一批12个直辖市之一。在许多官方的介绍中，新中国的第一吨铝等、第一吨镁、第一吨硅、第一吨特种钢、第一台机械式挖掘机等均产于此。那是抚顺的高光时刻，多次引来国家领导人shichaweiwen。zhijin，zaixilutiankuangdemeikuangbowuguanwai，haichulizhejiniandiaoxianghejirenlingdaorendeshichajinianbei。

meikuanghongjiyishideniandai，jihumeijiadouyourenzaimeikuangshangban。zaijihuajingjitizhixia，meikuangqiyefuzerentongshiyeshizhengfulingdao。xinzhongguochengliyiqian，fushunjiushizhongguoshaoshujigeyongyouguandaomeiqidechengshi。yimeikuangweiyinqing，fushunxianhoujianchengleshiyouhuagong、gangchang、lvchangdengyidapizhonggongyeqiye。

chushengyu1963niandechenjianqinghaijide，neishimeikuanghenduo，buxuyaobaobeijiunengqukuangjingjianmei。kuangchangdefuzerenjiantamenshihaizi，yebuhuiguowentaiduo。zaitashiersansuishi，jingchangheyiqunxiaohuobandaokuangkengqubeimei，dangshi100jinmeikeyimai1yuanqian，tayicibei30jin，meitianpaosantang。tajuede，neishihoushenghuojirenxiwang，“jingchangjiuxiangzhezijikuaizhangda，yicijiukeyiduobeiyixie（mei）le。”

houlai，renmenyouzaimeikuanglifaxianlingyizhongbaobei，dangdirenjiao“meihuang”。yikaishi，renmenzhuyidaoyixiejiazaimeicengzhongdehuangsekeli，xiaodeyouzhitouda，dadezeyoujidanda，youxierentedishouleqilai，youxierenzezhijierengdaohuolishaodiaole。houlaicaizhidao，zheijiushidamingdingdingdehupo。fushunhupocengmingzaoyishi，jushuoyourenzhaodaoyikejidandadehupo，mailehaojiwan。zuikuangredeniandai，fushunmeijiadouzhenzangzhejikehupo。

jibiandaoleshangshiji90niandai，fushundehaorizisihuyirankanbudaojintou。xiaopingshengyu1980nian，xiaoshihoufumudouzaifushunshiyouyichang（xianweifushunshihua）gongzuo。zaitadeyinxiangzhong，1990nian，fumuliangrendegongzijiaqilaichaoguo1000yuan。dangshi，jialideyixieqinqizaidaliandengdishangban，gongzihaibudaotafumudeyiban。

“bingxiang、dianshi、xiyiji，（changli）quanfa。”tahaijide，neishidedianshikeyikan8getai，fangxuehoujialijingchangjimantongxue。chuleyongpin，meigeyuezhigongxuyaojiao5yuanqiande“gonghuifei”，“jiyayurou，jialichidedoubaogan。”

jingguobangeduoshijidekaicai，yinziyuankujiehehuanjingwenti，fushunshimeitanchanliangcong1970nianzuoyoukaishixiahua，mouxienianfenouyouqifu。dancongjinru1990nian，xiahuaqushimingxian，dao2000nian，nianmeitanchanliangjinjinweilishizuigaoshuipingde30%。

zheiqijian，baokuoshenglikuang、longfengkuangzaineidejidameikuangxiangjibikuang。jinru2010nianhou，heheyoumingdexilutiankuangyemianlinguantingdeyali，duofangboyihou，zuizhongyu2019nianbikuang。daliangmeikuangguantingrangshushiwanxiaganggongrenyongrushehui，tamenzhongnianqingdequwaidiwugong，nianzhangdezeliuzaidangdiweizijidequanyixunqiujiejuebanfa。

xiaopingyezaishidaideguoxiezhonglaidaoleyichangbiangeqian。chuzhongbiyehou，tabeifumusongdaoheilongjiangdangleliangnianbing，zhuanyehou，yeshunlijinrudaofumudedanwei。danzhiguoleliangnian——1998nianqianhou，yichangshengshihaodade“guoqigaige”zhengcezaiquanguotuikai。shiqumeitanyinqinghou，qitaguoyouqiyedefazhanyemianlinkunan，zai“guoqigaige”dedabeijingxia，fushundefazhanmianlinzhuanxing。

xiaopingdefumubuxingchengweixiagangzhigong。youyuzaigongchangcongshidegongzhongjishuhanliangdi，tamenweinengzhongxinzhaodaogongzuo，houchangshizhezuoleyixieshengyi，dandoumeiyouqise。xiaopingsuiranliuzaishiyouyichang，dangongziyiburufumudangnian，yijiarenshenghuozhiliangzhoujiang。danzaitarenshideyixiepengyouzhong，youqishizaigangtieqiyegongzuodegongren，yinweizhangwoshuliandejiyi，xuduorenlikaifushun，daodalian、shanghaidengyanhaichengshixunzhaojihui。

xiaopingtingshuo，neixiequshanghaizaochuanchangdegongren，gongzibizaifushunfanlehaojibei，danyehenxinku，“meitianzhinengshui4gexiaoshi”。buguo，zheirengwufazudangrenmenduixinshenghuodexiangwang，youcikaiqilefushunshizuidaguimoderenkouwailiu。

2000nianyihou，renmenmingxianganjuefushun“kaishizouxiapolu”，chuleyinguoqigaigechuxianderenkouwailiuwai，guoquzaiwaidushu、dangbinghouxuanzehuilaidenianqingren，yejianjianyuanqu，nianqingrendewailiuqushichuxian。diwuciquanguorenkoupuchaxianshi，fushunshirenkoujingqianchu21wan。

chulechanyezhuanxingdailailerenkouqianyi，xiangduiyankedeshengyuzhengceyeshifushunrenkoukuaisulaolinghuadecuihuaji。

zhongguodeyihaizhengceyi1982nianjihuashengyuxieruxianfaweiqidian，zaicizhiqian，1970niandaisuitichurenkoukongzhizhengce，danyixuanchuanjiaoyuweizhuyaoshouduan，duidaduoshujiatingbingbujuyouqiangzhiyueshuxing，“70hou”tongchangdouyouxiongdijiemei。

yudongbeixuduochengshiyiyang，fushunshidegongyezhanbiyiduchaoguo50%，erzheixieqiyeyouyiguoyouqiyeweizhu，duiguojiazhengcedezhixingbiyiminyingjingjiweizhudenanfanggengjiji。zheilideyihaizhengceshishigengzao，dushengzinvjiatingbiligengda。

gaobochushengyu1977nian，shijiazhongdeduzi。houlaitatingfumushuo，jiuzaitachushengdediernian，shengyudiergehaizijiuhuibeichufa。zaihoulai，gaobojide，muqindeduzilongleqilai，youyitianjialilaileyixieburenshideren，“wenshiyaohaizi，haishiyaogongzuo。”

gaobodezufushiminguonianjian“chuangguandong”laidaofushunde，zaidangdimeiyoutudi，meiyouchanye，pinbojishinianhoucaizaiqiyezhanwenjiaogen。gaobodefumuyedouzaifushunyijiaguoyoujiangongqiyeshangban，diudiaogongzuoyiweizheliangdairendenulibeiqingling。fumuzuizhongxuanzefangqidiergehaizi。zaifushun，yutanianlingxiangfangdetongxuehepengyou，jihudoumeiyouxiongdijiemei。

yuanfushungangchangshiguojiazhongdianteshugangqiye，shangshiji90niandaichuzhengshiqihonghuozhishi，quanchangxiashe30gefenchang，4gechejian，4suoxuexiao，2suoyiyuan，42gechushi，zhigongda31000duoren。1990nian，fushungangchangchusheng947mingyinger，yitailvgaoda99.83%，lianxubanianbeipingweiqu、shimofandanwei，shenghongqidanweiheguojiajihuashengyuxianjinjiti。

fushungangchangzaiyifenxuanchuancailiaozhongjieshao，zheixierongyudeyiyugangchangzai1980niandaizhongqichenglidejishengxiehui，gaixiehuixiashe42gefenhui，xianhoufazhanhuiyuan6021ren。zheixiehuiyuanbanyanzhejishengganbudejiaose，xiezhudanweiwanchengjihuashengyumubiao。zheiyiweizhe，mei5geyuangongzhong，jiuyouyige“jishengganbu”。

xuanchuancailiaocheng，1987nian3yue，fushungangchangyiyuanhaichenglilejieyumenzhen。dao1991nian4yue，xianhouweibenchangzhigongjiqijiashuhediquyulingfunvshangjieyuhuan6950ci，zuorenliushoushu430li。

dangniandemeigefushunren，jihudoulishuyumougechangdeshequ，changlibaolanlerenmenshenghuodesuoyoufangmian，renmenzeyizunshouguojiazhengcehechanglideguidingweiqianti。“neishidezhenggeshehuifenweijiushizheiyang，”gaoboshuo，“dajiadoutingshangmiande，meiyourenshuo‘zheiyangbuxingba’。”

2007nian，shirenfushunshishizhangliuqiangzaiyicijianghuazhongtiji，congshangshiji80niandaimoshixingjihuashengyuyilai，fushunquanshirenkouchushenglv、ziranzengzhanglvyizhiwendingzai 9‰he 4‰yixia。jucesuan，20nianlaiquanshishaoshengle50duowanren。

1990niandaizhongqi，fushunshiderenkoujiegouyichuxianlaolinghuaxianzhao；dao2000nianyihou，renkouguimokaishijiasujianshao。2010niandiliucirenkoupuchashi，fushunhujirenkou222.1wanren，bi2000nianjianshao12.22wanren。60suijiyishangrenkouwei35.4wanren，zhanzongrenkoubizhongwei16.55%。biliaoningquanshenggaochu1.12gebaifendian，laolinghuachengdujuquanshengdiyi。bishi，fushunshilaolinghuawentiyinqigefangguanzhu。

fushunshizhengfucengfawenfenxi，zaochengfushunshirenkoulaolinghuadeyuanyinshiduofangmiande，danzuizhuyao、zuizhijiedeyuanyinyousangefangmian：yishijihuashengyuzhengceshishidechengxiaoxianzhu，renkouziranzengzhanglvyichengfuzengzhangqushi；diershijingjidekuaisuzengzhang、kexuejishudejinbu，renminyiliaotiaojiandegaishanheshenghuoshuipingdetigao，shirenleizaijiankanghezhangshoufangmianyiqudelejudadechengjiu；disanfushunweirenkouliuchuchengshi，henduonianqingrenyuanlikaifushunquqitachengshixuexi、gongzuo，daozhifushunlaonianrenbizhongchixuzengjia。

danguojiatongjijuzhuanjiahuangtaocengzhuanwenzhichu，youyufushun15suiyixiarenkoubizhongxiangduijiaodi，laonianrenkoubizhongmingxiangaoyuquanguopingjunshu，suizheshijiandetuiyi，bujinlaolinghuawentibiquanguoyaoyanzhong，erqielaodongnianlingrenkoufudanyebiquanguofanweizengjiadegengkuai。

这一判断在2020年第七次人口普查时得到了印证，抚顺老年人比例跃升至全国地级市之首，其所在辽宁省也以25.72%占比，位列所有省份第一。

老龄化的全面冲击

laolinghuadailaidechongjishouxianshiyanglaojijindechenzhongyali。2010nianyihou，fushunshizheiyiwentikaishibaolu。gongkaixinxixianshi，dao2014nian，fushunshiyanglaobaoxiantongchoujijindangqizhichu87.34yiyuan，quekou30yiyuan，leijiquekou107yiyuan。2017nian，fushunshiyanglaobaoxiantongchoujijinzongzhichu122.2yiyuan，dangnianshouzhiquekou55.6yiyuan，leijiquekouda178.5yiyuan。

《guanyufushunshi2017nianjuesuan（caoan）debaogao》xiedao，dangnian“tongguoqianfangbaijichoucuozijin，baozhengle42.7wanlituixiurenyuanyanglaojinanshizuefafang，danyouyubaofeifeiyuanshoujingjiyingxiangzengzhangyouxian，caizhengbukanzhongfu，baofafangyijiejinnanyiweijidejingdi。”anzhaoshirenliaoningshengfushunshiweishujiwangguifendeshuofa，jucesuan，2023nianfushunshiyanglaobaoxianjijinleijiquekoujiangdadao1180yiyuan。

《2022nianfushunshiguominjingjiheshehuifazhantongjigongbao》xianshi，fushundangnianshixianyibangonggongyusuanshouru60.8yiyuan。zheiyiweizhe，jibianbaochimuqiandeyibangonggongyusuanshourushuiping，jiangqiquanbutourudaoyanglaobaoxianjijin，yexuyao20niancainengtianbuzheiyi“kulong”。

danlaolinghua，bingbuzhiyiweizhequanshehuixuyaogongyangdelaonianrenzaizengjia，haijiangduishehui、jingjishenghuodeduofangmianzaochengchongji。

youyudazhehemianpiaodelaonianchengkebuduanzengjia，yijijingyingfangmiandeqitayinsu，fushungongjiaogongsiduonianqianyirubufuchu，tuoqiangongzichengweichangtai。zheidaozhidezhijiehouguoshigongjiaosijibuzu，gaigongsichangniandouzaizhaopingongjiaosiji。

gaigongsiyiweizhaopinrenyuancheng，gongjiaosijidegongzigenjupaochexianluyousuochayi，shaodemeiyue2000duoyuan，duodekeyida4000duoyuan。tashixianjiuxiangyingpinzheshenming，gongzibuhuishaofa，danwufabaozhanganshifafang，“duandeqianliangsangeyue，zhangdeshihoubannian”。chulesiji，xingzhengheguanlirenyuandegongzidouhuibeituoqian。tatanyan，daogongjiaogongsishangbanbingbushiweilezhuanduoshaoqian，ershi“zhaogedifangbashebaojiaoshang”。

youyulaonianchengkezengjia，fushungongjiaogongsimeinianhaiyaohuafeijinbaiwanweilaoniangoumaibaoxian。2021nian，fushunshigongjiaogongsineibuzuoguoyicifenxicheng，shourenyuanwailiu，sijiachezengjia，renkoulaolinghuajiakuaidengyinsuyingxiang，keyunliangzhunianxiajiang，you2017niande1.71yirenci，2019nianjiangwei1.15yirenci，2020nianshouyiqingyingxiang，keyunshourutongbijianshao4380wanyuan。

“jiazhi2020niankaishi，gongjiaoqiyebuzaixiangshouguojiaranyoubutiehexinnengyuangongjiaocheyunyingbutiezhengce，shigongjiaogongsijianshaoshouru4600wanyuan。jingcesuan2021nianqiyekeyunshouruhezhichuqingkuang，gongjiaoyunyingzijinquekoujiangda9,789wanyuan，jinsanniangongjiaoyunyingleijikuisun23391wanyuan。”zheifencailiaocheng。

chixujiashendelaolinghuayebojidaojiaoyuxitong。fushunshijiaoshijinxiuxueyuanfushuzhongxuedeyiweijiaoshixiangjiemianxinwenjieshao，gaixiaojiaoshipingjunnianlingyijingshangshengdao50suizuoyou，30suiyixiadejiaoshiquzhikeshu。jinnianlai，suizhetuixiujiaoshizhujianzengjia，erxinzhaopindejiaoshibuzu，xuexiaojiaoxuerenwuyuelaiyuechenzhong。jinnianyilai，jiuyouduoweilaoshilihuanzhongbing，budebutingxiagongzuozhuyuanzhiliao。

“qianniantuile4ge，quniantui4ge，jinniantui8ge，mingniantui7ge，houniantui9ge。”tajieshao，danjinsannianmeinianzhaopinjinlaidejiaoshizhiyou3ren，“qinghuangbujie”xianxiangyujiatuxian。youyuzhuguanbumenquedingdejiaoshibianzhibugou，xuexiaozhinengwaipinjiaoshi。gaixiaoxianyoujiaoshi130renzuoyou，waipinjiaoshijiuyou10duoge。

jiemianxinwenjizhekandaoleyifenwenjianxianshi，fushunshishunchengquzhongxiaoxuejiaoshipingjunnianlingwei48sui，qizhong51suiyishangdejiaoshiyou625ren，zhanquanbujiaozhigongzongshude39.94%，30suiyixiajiaoshi24ren，zhanquanbujiaozhigongzongshude1.5%，qiejinwunianlaituixiurenyuanzhunianzengzhang，2023-2027nianyou400yumingjiaoshituixiu。bingqie，xinkechenggaigeyaoqiuxuexiaobufenxuekezengjiakeshiliang，bingluoshiguowuyuanguanyu“quanmianxiaochuchaodabane”、zhongxuebanezuiduobuchaoguo50rendengyaoqiu，jiaoshishuliangbuzuwentidewentijianggengyanjun。

danzengjiazhaopinbianzhibingbudengyujiunengxiyinrencai。fushunshishiyanxiaoxuejinnianjihuazhaopin3mingjiaoshi，danshijizhizhaodao2ren。“genwomenxuexiao、jiaoyuxitongdoumeiyouguanxi，shiwomenzheigechengshimeiyouxiyinlile。”yiweifuzezhaopindelaoshibiaoshi，yiminggangruzhifushunzhongxiaoxuedejiaoshi，erqieshiyanjiushengxueli，zhinengnadao3000yuanzuoyoudegongzi，xiangbifujindeshenyanghebeijing，bingwujingzhengli。

xiangbikukuzhengzhadeshiyedanweiheguoyouqiye，minyingjingjidebiaoxiankenenggengfuheshichangguilv。yanzhehunhexiangxi，yanlukejiankongzhideloupan。yueyadaodajiudianshifushunzuiyoumingdelanweilouzhiyi。zheizuodangchuxuanchengjiangjianchengqixingjijiudiandexiangmu，lanweiyiyoujin10nian。xianzairukouchudezacaoyiyou20duolimigao，tiemenxiujibanbo，baoantingqianfangzhegongrenliangshaidexiezi。

2023nianchuzhijin，yueyadaojiudianyijingguolianglunfapaichengxu，jungaoliupai。

养老产业的机遇和挑战

mianduizhunianpangdadelaorenqunti，fushunshizaizijintouru、yanglaojigoujianshe、shilaohuagaizao、dazaozhihuiyanglaoxinxipingtaidajian、yanglaorencaipeiyangdengfangmiantourukongqianlidu。danmuqianrengyoubushaotiaozhan。

2022nian12yueyinfade《fushunshi“yilaoyixiao”zhengtijiejuefangan》（xiacheng《fangan》）xianshi，fushunshigongyouyanglaofuwujigou173jia，jujiaheshequyanglaofuwuzhongxin52jia，chengshishequrijianzhaoliaozhongxin69jia，nongcunhuzhuxingfuyuan82jia。quanshiyanglaojigougongyouchuangwei13346zhang，zaiyuanyangyuan7277ren，yangyuanruzhulv54.5%。zheifenwenjiancheng，“muqianwoshiyongyouyanglaochuangweishuyuxuqiushuyouhendachaju，duiyanglaozijintourubuzu，yanglaochanyefazhanmianlinjudadetiaozhan。”

《fangan》haitichuyixieliemubiao，dao2025nianquanshishixianxinzenggongyixingyanglaochuangwei500zhang，puhuixingyanglaochuangwei500zhang，meiqianminglaorenyanglaochuangweishuda35zhangyishang；yixingjiyanglaojigoudabiaolv90%yishang，quanshizhishaozhengchuang1jiawuxingjiyanglaojigou。

chenkunjinruyanglaoxingyeyiyoushiduonian，zaitadeyinxiangzhong，2013nianqianhou，fushunshideyanglaojigouhenshao，takaibandeyanglaoyuanjihudounengzhuman，zhidao2020nian，zheiyiqushichuxianlebianhua。“gejitianbujian，youmaochuhaojigeyanglaoyuan。”tashuo。yanglaojigouzhijiandejingzhengriyijilie，zheisannianlaitajingyingdeyanglaoyuanruzhulvzhiyou70%zuoyou。

chenkunrenwei，zheiyuguojiaxingzhengkaoheyanglaochuangweishuyouguan。anzhaominzhengjuyaoqiu，dao2020nianmeiqianminglaorenyongyouyanglaochuangwei35-40zhang，zaizheiyizhibiaodekaohexia，yanglaoxingyedezhunrumenjianbeifangkuan，yidapixiaoxingyanglaoyuanyingyunersheng。“daduoshurenhaishiyijujiayanglaoweizhu，yaoneimeduochuangweishilangfei。”tarenwei，zheiyeyufushunquefatouzijihui，guoduzhuizhu“yinfahongli”youguan。

zaozai2015nian，zhongguohongguanjingjiyanjiuyuantigaisuofuyanjiuyuanlixiaolincengdaofushundiaoyan，zaiqizhuanxiedebaogaozhongjiutixing，fahuishichangzaiziyuanpeizhizhongdejuedingxingzuoyong，shiyanglaofuwuyefazhandebiranxuanze。lixiaolinfaxian，zaifushunhaizaiweichuangweibidabudaoyaoqiuernulidajianchuangweideshihou，zhejiangshengyijingdadaomeiqianminglaoren36zhangchuangweidebiaozhun。ranerjishichaochubiaozhun，zhejianghaishiyichuangnanqiu；jishibudabiaozhun，fushunhaishikongchuanglvhengao。tongguoxingzhengshouduanyaoqiushichanggongjiliangshibufuhegedishijixuqiude。

buguo，fushunshiminzhengjuyouguanrenshixiangjiemianxinwentanyan，muqianfushunshiyanglaojigoudechuangweishurengweidadaominzhengbuyaoqiu，dantafourenweizhuiqiuwanchengzhibiaoerfangkuanzhunrumenjian。tacheng，youyibufenyinglixingdeyanglaojigou，zaishichangjianguanbumenbanlishouxu，zhixuzaiminzhengbumenbeian，yinciyanglaojigoudeshuliangshiyoutouzizheheshichangjuedingde。

zaiyanglaorencaipeiyangfangmian，2019nianchu，fushunshiweishujiqinzilvtuanfuribenkaocha，huiguohoutuidongfushunzhiyejishuxueyuanhexiandaifuwuxuexiaochenggongshenbanlaonianfuwuyuguanlizhuanye。2020nian，fushunzhiyejishuxueyuanzhaoshoudiyijiegaizhuanyexuesheng。

gaixiaoyiweizhaoshengfuzelaoshicheng，diyijieyanglaonianfuwuyuguanlizhuanyezhuanyezhizhaodaole7ren，dierjiezhaole20duoren，xiangduilvyouguanli、jiudianguanlidengchengshudezhuanye，gaizhuanyezhaorenbingburongyi。2023nian，gaizhuanyediyijiebiyeshengjinrujiuyeshichang，danqianlaizhaopindeyanglaoqiyehenshao。xueshengmenduijinruyanglaoxingreqingyebuda，ciqiantuijianshixishi，bushaoxueshengjiuyindaiyubufuheyuqierjujue。

dazaozhihuiyanglaoxinxipingtai，shijinnianlaifushunyanglaoshiyefazhandeyidaliangdiangongzuo。2021nian11yue，fushunshishangxian“yiyangfushun”xiaochengxu，tongguoweixinsousuoxiaochengxujinruhou，jikekandaoyanglaoditu、yanglaojigou、shequyanglao、yanglaoweikedengbankuai。yanglaojigouheshequyanglaodengbankuai，jinalefushunshisuoyouduiyingjigoudexinxi，fangbianyanglaofuwuxuqiuderenjinkuaizhaodaoheshideyanglaojigou。

jiemianxinwenyishiminshenfenlianxiqizhongyijiayanglaojigoufaxian，jietingshipingtaikefu，bingbunengzhijiezhuandaoyanglaojigou，duifangbiaoshixianjilu，zairangxuyaolianxideyanglaojigouhuidian。buguo，jizhelianxilesanjiayanglaoyuan，zhiyouyijiahuidian。fushunshiminzhengjuyouguanrenshibiaoshi，zhisuoyijierupingtaikefu，shiweixianlejielaonianrendexuqiu，zhenduixingdetuijianyanglaojigou。tayebiaoshigaixiaochengxumouxiegongnengkenengbugouheli，rengxuyouhua。

weizhichiyanglaoshiyefazhan，anzhaofushunshiminbanyanglaojigouyunxingbutiedeyouguanzhengce，fuhebiaozhundeyanglaojigoumeigechuangweimeiyuebutie150yuan。jiemianxinwentanfangdeduojiayanglaojigoufuzerenbiaoshi，zheibibutiejingchangwufaanshidaowei。chenkuncheng，cong2020nianxiabannianzhijin，tajiumeiyounadaobutie，gongjiyou10duowan。duicifushunshiminzhengjuyouguanrenshijieshi，butiezijinyixiabodaogexianquminzhengju，jianghuijinkuaiduculuoshi。

探索中的城市转型

yuelaiyueduorenkouhejingjixuezhuanjiatixing，laolingwentidebenzhibingfeilaorenruheyanglao，ershishehuihejingjidefazhanwenti，jizailaonianrenzhanbibuduanshenggaodebeijingxia，ruhebaochijingjiheshehuijiankanghekechixudefazhan。zheibujinshifushunmianlindekaoyan，yeshizhenggedongbeinaishiweilaizhongguomianlindetiaozhan。

duiyuxiangxiaopinghegaobozheiyangdefushunzhongnianrenlaishuo，tamenguanxinzuiduodezanshibingbushishanyangfumu，ershiruhezhuandaogengduodeqian，tigaoshenghuopinzhi。tamengezi“guaming”zaiyijiaguoyouqiye，danbingbushangban，zhiyoudanweijiaonashebao，lingquzuididegongzi，pingshiyipaowangyuecheweisheng。youyuguoqixiaoyixiajiang，zheiyeshibushaozhigongdexuanze。

shangshiji70niandai，suizhemeitanziyuandekujieheyoucidailaideyanzhongshengtaiweihai，fushunshidezhuanxingfazhanyejiubeitishangricheng，“baochengxiancai”dechengshijianshefangzhenjiubeiguojiatichu。1985nian，fushunshichenglilecaimeichenxianqubangongshi，zhuyaofuzezaihaizhiligongzuo。

1984nian，dangdeshierjiesanzhongquanhuitongguo《zhonggongzhongyangguanyujingjitizhigaigedejueding》，tichu“suoyouquantongjingyingquanshikeyishidangfenkaide”，dangshifushunshiwei 、 shizhengfujuedingbashiyouchanyedefazhanzuoweifushunshichanyezhuanxingdezhudao 。zheiyishiqi，fushunshiyuanshiyouyi、er、sanchanghebing，chenglilefushunshiyouhuagonggongsi，qiyuanyounianjiagongliangyuezhanquanguoyuanyoujiagongliangde10%。zheishifushunshifazhandediyicizhuanxing。

2003nian，zhongyangfabu《guanyushishidongbeidiqudenglaogongyejidizhenxingzhanlvederuoganyijian》，shoucibachanyezhuanxingyuchengshifazhanxiangjiehe，kaiqilefushunshidediercizhuanxingfazhan。zaiciqijian，fushunshitichu“youziyuanxingchengshixiangziyuanshenjiagongxingchengshizhuanbian”demubiao，jixutuijinguoyoujingjigaige，guliminyinghesiyingjingjifazhan。

chulefazhanmoshidezhuanxing，yulinjinshenghuishenyangronghefazhanchengweifushunzhuanxingdelingyizhuashou。2007nian，liaoningshengtichujiansheshenfuxinchengdegouxiang，“yishenghuishengyangweiyituo，daidongchanye、wenhuaxiangjindefugongtongfazhan。”2014nian，liaoningshengqidongshenfuxinqujianshe，3nianhou，shenfuxinquguapai。buguo，duoweifushunshizhengfurenshibiaoshi，yinweishenyangshiduijiansheshenfuxinqujijixingbugao，shenfuxinqudefazhanyizhibuwenbuhuo。

quyujingjiyanjiuzhuanjia、zhongguoguotujingjixuehuilishizhangxiaojinchengzhangqiguanzhuliaoningshengdefazhan，tagaosujiemianxinwen，cong1992niankaishi，youguowuyuanpizhunshelideguojiajixinqu，shichengdanguojiazhongdafazhanhegaigekaifangzhanlverenwudezonghegongnengqu，jiezhi2021nianquanguogongsheli19gexinqu，bingbubaokuoshenfuxinqu。zheixieguojiajixinqutongchangweizhengtingji，bufenweifushengji。

tashuo，liaoningyikaishishelileshenbeixinqu，houlaiyoushelilehunnanxinqu，zhengquchengweiguojiajixinqu，danzuihoudalianshidejinpuxinquhuodeguojiapizhun。cihou，liaoningdefazhanzhongxinzhuanxiangliaoningyanhaijingjidai，fushunhuoyincicuoguoleyicijihui。

2018nian，shenfuxinqubeitijiweishenfugaigechuangxinshifanqu，youliaoningshengzhiguan，chengweiyufushunheshenyangtongjibiedexingzhengshiti。shenfugaigechuangxinshifanquweiyushenyanghefushunjiaojiechu，quyumianji285pingfanggongli，changzhurenkouyue17.2wanren。shenfugaigechuangxinshifanqubeijiyuhouwang，danyixiefushunrenrenweizheilidefazhanbingbujiyuqi。

fangjiashiyigediqujingjifazhanshuipingdezhongyaocankaozhibiao，muqianshenfuxinqudefangjiarengshishenyanghefushunliangzuochengshizhijiandejiage“wadi”。

zaikaojinshenfuxinqudibiaojianzhu“shengmingzhihuan”dejinxiulanwanxiaoqu，yitao103pingmidejingzhuangdiantifang，shoujia58.7wan，danpingmijiage5500duoyuan。lingyouyixieshaopianpidexiaoquqingshuifang，danpingmijiagezhiyou3000duoyuan。fushunzhiyejishuxueyuanbanqianzhishenfuxinquyiyoushiduonian，zheisuozhandi740mu、zaixiaosheng10000yurengaoxiaowai，yicerengshidapiannongtian，zhaobudaoyijiacanguan。youyujulifushunheshenyangchengqudoujiaoyuan，zheilihennandadaowangyueche，xiaomenkoujingchangjuzheyiqun“heiche”sijizhaolanshengyi。

2013nian，guowuyuanyinfa《quanguoziyuanxingchengshikechixufazhanguihua（2013-2020）》，jiangziyuanxingchengshihuafenweichengzhangxing、chengshuxing、shuaituixinghezaishengxing，67geziyuankujiexingchengshizhong，sifenzhiyijizhongzaidongbeisansheng，fushunbeiquedingweiziyuanshuaituixingchengshi。gaiguihuayaoqiu，dao2020nianziyuankujiechengshilishiyiliuwentijibenjiejue，kechixufazhannenglixianzhuzengqiang，zhuanxingrenwujibenwancheng。zhici，fushunyinglailedisancizhuanxingdexinjieduan。

jiemianxinwenshuli2013nianzhijinfushunshiyouguanfazhanzhuanxingdetifa，qibiaoshubingbuyizhi，zheiyiweizhejuecezhehuoyezaitansuozhong。

2014nianfushunshizhengfugongzuobaogaocheng，dangnianshishishichengshizhuanxingdediyinian，quanmianqidongxiaofeizhudaoxingchengshijianshe，”yiquanmiankuodahetishengchengshixiaofeixuqiuweizhuxian，dalipeiyuhefazhanshenghuoxing、shengchanxinghefazhanxingxiaofei，nuligoujianjuyoufushuntesedexiaofeikuangjiatixi，jiangfushunjianshechengweishenyangxiaofeichanyequndezhongyaobufen。”

cijian，shengtailvyouzuoweichengshizhuanxingfazhandeyixiangzhongyaoneirong，shoudaokongqianzhongshi。zaipeitaochutaideyouguanzhengceguiding，liyongxianyougongyeqiyedechejian、sheshihuochangdifazhangongyelvyouhuocanyuxingxiangmu，gongyelvyouxiangmuxuanchuangongyeqiyedejingyingpinpaibingchenggongxiyinyouke，xinhuodequanguogongyelvyoushifandiande，zhengfujiyu 5wanyuanzijinzhichi。

2016nian，fushuntichu“yijiwuye”defazhansilu，jishenfuxinquzengzhangjihedashengtai、dashihua、dacailiao、danengyuan、dalvyouwuye。shirenfangfushunshilvyouchanyefazhanweiyuanhuizhurenliujichundangshicheng，fushunshijiangquanlidazao“yijiwuye”，tuidonglvyoudengchanyedafazhan，jinyibumingquelelvyouyezuoweifushunchengshizhuanxingdeqierudianhezhanlvexingzhizhuchanyededingwei。

xiaojinchengrenwei，fushunbingbushihefazhanxiaofeizhudaoxingchengshi，yinweifushunrenkouguimoxiao，laolinghuachengdugao，xiaofeinenglidi，qieyinweijulishenyangbijiaojin，youxiaofeinengliderenqunjihudouquleshenyang。zuoweiyigegongyechengshi，fushunzaizhuanxingguochengzhong，yingzhiliyufazhanjiexuxingchanye，birushihuahexianjinzhizaoye。

jiemianxinwenzhuyidao，zicong2014nianzhengfugongzuobaogaotichu“quanmianqidongxiaofeizhudaoxingchengshijianshe”hou，zheiyitifazaiweichuxianzaizhengfugongzuobaogaozhong。xiangfan，gongyerengshifushunshifazhandezhizhu。2016nian，fushunshihuagongsixinzengyuanyoujiagongliang30wandun、yinglishuipingzaizhongguoshiyoulianhuaqiyezhongpaimingdisan，jiaonashuifeiliuguidifang20yiyuan、duidifangcaizhenggongxianlvdadao25.9%。zai2017nianfushunshidezhengfugongzuobaogaozhong，rengtidao“gongyezuodazuoqiang”。

dao2019nian，“gongyelishi、gongyeqiangshi、chanyexingshi”detifa，shoucichuxianzaidangniandezhengfugongzuobaogaozhong，bingtichu“jianchizhuangdashiti、gongyelishibudongyao，qieshizai‘youlao’‘kaiyuan’‘yuxin’shangxiayinggongfu、jiandachengxiao。”cong2019-2023niandezhengfugongzuobaogaozhong，meiniandouhuichuxianzheiyitifa。

xiaojinchengzhichu，ziyuanxingchengshidezhuanxingtongchangyouliangzhonglujing：yishifazhanjiexuchanye，guoneiyixiechengshiyijingqudeleyidingchengji，birutangshanshi，guoquyeshiyizuoziyuanxingchengshi，houlaifazhanzhizaoye，qudelejiaohaodexiaoguo；ershiyuzhoubianchengshijiaqianghezuo，fushunyushenyangjulihenjin，yincishenfuyitihuashizhidetansuodefazhansilu，danliangzuochengshiyinggaigeyoudingwei，shixiancuoweifazhan。

tashuo，shenyangzuoweitedachengshiheliaoningshengshenghui，yingyifazhanxiandaifuwuyehechuangxinchanyexingweizhu，fushunzegengxiangshenyangdeyige“gongnengqu”，yingyizishengongyediziweijichu，fazhanjiexuchanye。fushunyikaishiyimeitanqijia，houlaifazhanshiyouhuagongjiushibucuodexuanze，ciwaihaikeyichangshifazhanzhizaoye，yicishixianchanyededuoyuanhua。

dangbeiwenjifushunchengshifazhandezhuanxingfangxiangshi，fushunshifagaiweizhenxinglaogongyejidikerenshibiaoshi，fushunguoqushiyizuoyimeitanweiziyuanzhudaodechengshi，muqianzhiyaoshifeimeidechanye，dousuanzaizhuanxing。fushunshidegongyepinleibijiaoquanmian，zhiyujutizhuanxiangmougefangxiang，zheiyisilubingbukexue。

2023nian2yue，liaoningshengchutai《liaoningquanmianzhenxingxintuposannianxingdongfangan（2023-2025nian）》，bingjimeigedishitichumubiao。weilaisannian，fushunshideyixiangzhongyaogongzuoshituidongshenyang、fushun、shenfushifanqujiakuaitongchenghuabufa。weici，fushunshibianzhile《shenfutongchenghuasannianxingdongjihua（2023-2025）》，congjichusheshi、chanyelian、kechuangziyuanzhenghe、shengtaihuanjingdengfangmianjiaqiangyushenyangronghe。

qianshufushunshifagaiweirenshibiaoshi，youyushenfuxinquyijingbuguifushunshiguanxia，yinci《shenfutongchenghuasannianxingdongjihua（2023-2025）》bingbubaokuoshenfuxinqudeneirong，yebuzhixiaoshenfuxinqudexingdongsilu。

5yuedideyitian，xiaopingjiedaoyiweidaofushunzhiyejishuxueyuanfujindechengke，wanchengdingdanhou，tadenglejinbangexiaoshirengwuxindingdan。houlaitacaimingbai，zheilisuishishenfuxinqu，danbeixitongrendingweishenyang，zuoweifushundewangyuechesiji，tabuhuibeipaidan。xiaopingguandiaojiedanpingtai，jiachefangkongerqu。

（wenzhongchenkun、chenjianqing、gaoboweihuaming）